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Along similar lines, René Spitz, who located the first defense in the emergence of the second organizer (the so-called eight-month or stranger anxiety), explained that these defenses initially "serve primarily adaptation rather than defense in the strict sense of the term" (p. 164). It is when the [[object]] is established and ideation starts that their function changes. With the fusion of the [[aggressive]] and [[libidinal]] drives, some [[defense mechanisms]], in particular [[identification]], "acquire the function that they will serve in the [[adult]]" (p. 164).
When Anna Freud was publishing her first [[psychoanalytic]] works, [[Melanie Klein]], while breaking with [[Freudian]] orthodoxy by asserting that the agencies of the [[psyche]] begin functioning much earlier, introduced a perspective that restored to anxiety and psychic conflict a fundamental role in psychic functioning. Drawing on Freud's second theory of the drives, she attributed a central role to the [[death]] drive and the conflicts between [[love]] and [[hatred]]. She thus developed her [[ideas]] on early [[Defense Mechanisms|defense mechanisms ]] that were already present, in her view, in the earliest months of [[life]] during the [[paranoid]]-schizoid [[position]].
The concept of defense, as it has developed and been used since Freud, has become somewhat common in both [[clinical]] psychology and [[psychoanalysis]]. There it refers either to a relatively conscious [[behavior]] that rejects [[Psychic Reality|psychic reality ]] (a definition that makes the concept more akin to the concept of [[resistance]]) or to a psychic impulse that seeks to avoid anxiety and unpleasure in the quest to [[adapt]] and achieve a state of equilibrium. As a result, the function of defense as a mechanism necessary for psychic growth is often overlooked.
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