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==Developmental Psychology==
[[Psychoanalysis]] is presented by [[ego-psychology]] as a form of [[development|developmental psychology]], with the emphasis placed on the [[time|temporal]] [[development]] of the [[child]]'s [[sexuality]].
According to this [[Ego-psychologyinterpretation]] presents , [[psychoanalysis]] as a form of '[[developmental psychology]]. [[Ego-psychologyFreud]] is concerned with the [[temporal]] [[development]] of shows how the [[child]]'s [[sexuality]]. [[Sigmund Freudprogress]]The [[child]] es through the various [[development|pregenital stages ]] (the [[development|oral]] and [[development|analstages]] stages) to maturity in the [[genital|genital stage]] stage.
==Jacques Lacan==
==Family Complexes==
In his early work [[Lacan]] seems to accept this [[development]]al reading of [[Freud]], at least in the matter of a genetic order for the three "[[family]] [[complex]]es" and for [[ego]] [[defence]]s.<ref>{{E}} p. 5</ref>
In the early 1950s, [[Lacan]] becomes critical of [[development]] for various reasons.
==Natre==Firstly, it presupposes a [[natural]] [[order]] for [[sexual]] [[development]] and takes no account of the [[symbolic]] articulation of [[human]] [[sexuality]], thus ignoring the fundamental differences between [[drive]]s and [[instinct]]s.
==Time==
Secondly, it is based on a linear concept of [[time]] which is completely at odds with the [[psychoanalytic theory]] of [[time]].
==Synthesis==
Finally, it assumes that a final synthesis of [[sexuality]] is both possible and normal, whereas for [[Lacan]] no such [[synthesis]] exists.
==Sexuality==Thus, while both [[ego-psychology]] and [[object-relations theory]] propose the concept of a final stage of [[psychosexual]] [[development]], in which the [[subject]] attains a '"[[development|mature' ]]" relation with the [[object]], described as a [[genital]] relation, this is totally rejected by [[Lacan]].
=="Maturity"==[[Lacan]] argues that such a state of final [[wholeness]] and [[development|maturity ]] is not possible because the [[subject]] is irremediably [[split]], and the [[metonymy]] of [[desire]] is unstoppable.
Furthermore, [[Lacan]] points out that "the object which corresponds to an advanced stage of instinctual maturity is a rediscovered object."<ref>{{S4}} p.15</ref>
The so-called final stage of [[development|maturity ]] is nothing more than the encounter with the [[object]] of the first satisfactions of the [[child]].
==Chronology==
[[Lacan]] disputes the geneticist reading of [[Freud]], describing it as a "mythology of instinctual maturation."<ref>{{E}} p.54</ref>
He argues that the various '"[[stage]]s' " analysed by [[Freud]] ([[oral]], [[anal]] and [[genital]]) are not observable [[biology|biological ]] phenomena which develop [[nature|naturally]], such as the stages of sensoriomotor [[development]], but "obviously more complex structures."<ref>{{E}} p.242</ref>
The [[development|pregenital stages stage]]s are not chronologically ordered moments of a [[child]]'s [[development]], but essentially timeless structures [[time]]less [[structure]]s which are [[projection|projected ]] [[punctuation|retroactively ]] onto the past.
<blockquote>"They are ordered in the retroaction of the Oedipus complex."<ref>{{E}} p.197</ref></blockquote>
[[Lacan]] thus dismisses all attempts to draw empirical evidence for the sequence of [[development|psychosexual stages stage]]s by means of "the so-called direct observation of the child,"<ref>{{E}} p. 242</ref> and places the emphasis on the reconstruction of such stages in the [[analysis]] of adults.
<blockquote>"It is by starting with the experience of the adult that we must grapple, retrospectively, nachtr‰glich''nachträglich'', with the supposedly original experiences."<ref>{{S1}} p.217</ref></blockquote>
In 1961, the [[development|pregenital stages ]] are conceived by [[Lacan]] as forms of [[demand]].
==Language==The complex relationship between the chronological emergence of phenomena and the logical sequence of structures is also illustrated by reference to the question of [[language|language acquisition]].
On the one hand, psycholinguistics has discovered a [[nature|natural order ]] of [[development]], in which the [[infant ]] progresses through a sequence of [[biology|biologically ]] predetermined stages (babbling, followed by phoneme acquisition, then isolated words, and then sentences of increasing complexity).
[[Lacan]], however, is not interested in this chronological sequence, since it only deals with "the emergence, properly speaking, of a phenomenon."<ref>{{S1}} p.179</ref>
What interests [[Lacan]] is not the phenomena (external appearance) of [[language]] but the way [[language]] positions the [[subject]] in a [[symbolic]] [[structure]].
In respect of the latter, [[Lacan]] points out that '"the child already has an initial appreciation of the symbolism of language' " well before he can speak, "well before the exteriorised appearance of language."<ref>{{S1}} p.179; {{S1}} p.54</ref> However, the question of how this 'initial appreciation' of the symbolic comes about is almost impossible to theorise, since it is not a question of a gradual acquisition of one signifier after another but the 'all or nothing' entry into a 'universe' of [[signifier]]s.
The last term is particularly distasteful for [[Lacan's opposition ]], who warns his students to notions "beware of that register of development thought known as evolutionism," and evolution are not based on an opposition prefers to the notion of describe psychic change in itselfterms of [[metaphor]]s of creation ''ex nihilo''.<ref>{{S7}} p. 213</ref>
[[Lacan]] thus argues that "in psychoanalysis, history is a dimension different to that of development, and that it is an aberration to try to reduce the former to the latter. History only proceeds out of beat with development."<ref>{{Ec}} p.875</ref>
What, then, is to be made of the two great '"stages' " which dominate [[Lacan]]'s teaching, the [[mirror stage]] and the [[Oedipus complex]]?
The [[mirror stage]] is clearly related to an event which can be located in a specific time in the life of the [[child]] (between six to eighteen months), but this event is only of interest to [[Lacan]] because it illustrates the essentially timeless [[structure]] of the [[dual relation]]ship; and it is this [[structure]] that constitutes the heart of the [[mirror stage]].
(It is interesting to note that the [[French]] term ''stade '' can be understood in both temporal and spatial terms, as a '[[stage]]', or as a 'stadium').
Likewise, while [[Freud]] locates the [[Oedipus complex]] at a specific age (the third to the fifth year of life), [[Lacan]] conceives of the [[Oedipus complex]] as a timeless triangular [[structure]] of [[subjectivity]].
It follows that questions of exactly when the [[ego]] is constituted, or when the [[child]] enters the [[Oedipus complex]], which have led to so much controversy between other [[school]]s of [[psychoanalysis]], are of little interest to [[Lacan]].
While [[Lacan]] admits that the "ego is constituted at a specific moment in the history of the subject,"<ref>{{S1}} p.l15</ref> and that there is a moment when the [[Oedipus complex]] is formed, he is not interested in the question of exactly when those moments occur.
The question of when the [[child]] makes his entry into the [[symbolic]] [[order]] is irrelevant to [[psychoanalysis]].
==See Also==
{{See}}* [[Complex]]* [[Mirror stage]]* [[Nature]]* [[Oedipus complex]]* [[Speech]]* [[Structure]]* [[Subject]]* [[Time]]{{Also}}
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
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