development (dÈveloppement) Psychoanalysis is presented by EGO-{{Top}}développement{{Bottom}}
PSYCHOLOGY =====Ego-Psychology==========Temporal Development=====[[Psychoanalysis]] is presented by [[ego-psychology]] as a [[form ]] of [[development|developmental psychology]], with the emphasis placedon the [[time|temporal]] [[development]] of the [[child]]'s [[sexuality]].
on =====Pregenital to Genital Stages=====According to this [[interpretation]], [[Freud]] shows how the [[child]] [[progress]]es through the various [[development|pregenital stages]] (the temporal [[development|oral]] and [[development of |anal stages]]) to maturity in the child's sexuality[[genital|genital stage]]. According to this
interpretation====Jacques Lacan=========Genetic Order=====In his [[Works of Jacques Lacan|early work]] [[Lacan]] seems to accept this [[development]]al [[reading]] of [[Freud]], Freud shows how at least in the child progresses through matter of a [[development|genetic order]] for the various[[three]] "[[family]] [[complex]]es" and for [[ego]] [[defence]]s.<ref>{{E}} p. 5</ref>
pregenital stages (=====Criticism=====In the oral and anal stages) to maturity in the GENITAL Stageearly 1950s, [[Lacan]] becomes critical of [[development]] for various reasons.
In his early work # Firstly, it presupposes a [[natural]] [[order]] for [[development|sexual development]] and takes no account of the [[symbolic]] articulation of [[human]] [[sexuality]], thus ignoring the fundamental differences between [[drive]]s and [[instinct]]s. # Secondly, it is based on a [[time|linear concept]] of [[time]] which is completely at odds with the [[psychoanalytic theory]] of [[time]]. # Finally, it assumes that a final [[dialectic|synthesis]] of [[sexuality]] is both possible and [[neurosis|normal]], whereas for [[Lacan seems to accept this developmental reading of]] no such [[synthesis]] [[exists]].
Freud (which he labels 'geneticism')====No Final Stage====Thus, while both [[ego-psychology]] and [[object-relations theory]] propose the [[concept]] of a [[development|final stage]] of [[psychosexual]] [[development]], at least in which the [[subject]] attains a "[[development|mature]]" relation with the matter of [[object]], described as a genetic[[genital]] relation, this is totally rejected by [[Lacan]].
order for ====Split====[[Lacan]] argues that such a [[state]] of final [[wholeness]] and [[development|maturity]] is not possible because the three 'family complexes' (Lacan[[subject]] is irremediably [[split]], 1938) and for ego defencesthe [[metonymy]] of [[desire]] is unstoppable.
(EFurthermore, 5)[[Lacan]] points out that "the object which corresponds to an advanced stage of [[instinctual]] maturity is a rediscovered object. As late as 1950 he takes seriously such genetic concepts as 'objectal"<ref>{{S4}} p.15</ref>
fixation' and 'stagnation The so-called final stage of [[development' (Ec, 148)|maturity]] is [[nothing]] more than the [[encounter]] with the [[object]] of the first [[desire|satisfaction]]s of the [[child]]. However, in the early
1950s he begins to become extremely critical ====="Mythology of geneticism for variousInstinctual Maturation"=====[[Lacan]] disputes the [[development|geneticist reading]] of [[Freud]], describing it as a "mythology of instinctual [[maturation]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 54</ref>
reasons. FirstlyHe argues that the various "[[stage]]s" analysed by [[Freud]] ([[oral]], [[anal]] and [[genital]]) are not observable [[biology|biological]] phenomena which develop [[nature|naturally]], it presupposes a natural order for sexual such as the [[development and|stage]]s of [[development|sensoriomotor development]], but "obviously more complex [[structures]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 242</ref>
takes no account =====Chronology=====The [[development|pregenital stage]]s are not [[development|chronologically ordered moments]] of a [[child]]'s [[development]], but essentially [[time]]less [[structure]]s which are [[projection|projected]] [[punctuation|retroactively]] onto the symbolic articulation of human sexuality, thus[[past]].
ignoring <blockquote>"They are ordered in the fundamental differences between drives and instincts[[punctuation|retroaction]] of the [[Oedipus complex]]."<ref>{{E}} p. Sec-197</ref></blockquote>
ondly[[Lacan]] thus dismisses all attempts to draw [[science|empirical evidence]] for the sequence of [[development|psychosexual stage]]s by means of "the so-called direct observation of the child, it is based "<ref>{{E}} p. 242</ref> and places the emphasis on a linear concept the reconstruction of such [[stages]] in the [[analysis]] of time which is completely at[[adults]].
odds <blockquote>"It is by starting with the psychoanalytic theory [[experience]] of TIMEthe [[adult]] that we must grapple, retrospectively, ''nachträglich'', with the supposedly original experiences. Finally, it assumes that a"<ref>{{S1}} p. 217</ref></blockquote>
final synthesis of sexuality is both possible and normalIn 1961, whereas for the [[development|pregenital stages]] are conceived by [[Lacan]] as forms of [[demand]].
no such synthesis exists=====Language Acquisition==========Chronological Sequence=====The complex [[relationship]] between the [[development|chronological emergence]] of phenomena and the [[development|logical sequence]] of [[structure]]s is also illustrated by reference to the question of [[language|language acquisition]]. Thus, while both ego-psychology and oBJECT-RELA-
TIONS THEORY propose On the concept one hand, [[linguistics|psycholinguistics]] has discovered a [[nature|natural order]] of [[development]], in which the [[infant]] [[progress]]es through a final stage sequence of [[biology|biologically]] predetermined stages (babbling, followed by [[phoneme]] acquisition, then isolated [[word]]s, and then sentences of psychosexual develop-increasing complexity).
ment[[Lacan]], however, is not interested in which the subject attains a 'mature' relation this [[development|chronological sequence]], since it only deals with "the objectemergence,properly [[speaking]], of a phenomenon."<ref>{{S1}} p. 179</ref>
described as =====Symbolic Structure=====What interests [[Lacan]] is not the phenomena ([[external]] [[appearance]]) of [[language]] but the way [[language]] positions the [[subject]] in a genital relation, this is totally rejected by Lacan[[symbolic]] [[structure]]. Lacan
argues In respect of the latter, [[Lacan]] points out that such a state "the child already has an initial appreciation of the [[symbol]]ism of [[language]]" well before he can [[speak]], "well before the exteriorised appearance of final wholeness and maturity is not possible[[language]]."<ref>{{S1}} p. 179; {{S1}} p. 54</ref>
because ====="All or Nothing"=========="Universe" of Signifiers=====However, the subject question of how this "initial appreciation" of the [[symbolic]] comes [[about]] is irremediably splitalmost [[impossible]] to theorize, and since it is not a question of a gradual acquisition of one [[signifier]] after [[another]] but the metonymy "all or nothing" entry into a "[[universe]]" of desire is[[signifier]]s.
unstoppableA [[signifier]] is only a [[signifier]] by virtue of its relation to [[other]] [[signifier]]s, and so cannot be acquired in [[isolation]]. Furthermore, Lacan points out that 'the object which corre-
sponds =====Creation "Ex Nihilo"==========Evolutionism=====Thus the transition to an advanced stage of instinctual maturity the [[symbolic]] is always a rediscovered objectquestion of creation ''ex nihilo'', a radical discontinuity between one [[order]] and another, and never a question of a [[development|gradual evolution]].
(S4The last term is particularly distasteful for [[Lacan]], who warns his students to "beware of that [[register]] of [[thought]] known as [[development|evolutionism]], 15); the so-called final stage " and prefers to describe [[psychic change]] in [[terms]] of maturity is nothing more than the[[metaphor]]s of creation ''ex nihilo''.<ref>{{S7}} p. 213</ref>
encounter with =====Psychic Change==========Historicity of the object Psyche=====[[Lacan]]'s opposition to notions of [[development]] and [[development|evolution]] are not based on an opposition to the first satisfactions [[notion]] of the child[[psychic change]] in itself.
On the contrary, [[Lacan disputes ]] insists on the geneticist reading [[historicity]] of Freudthe [[psyche]], describing it and sees the restoration of fluidity and movement to the [[psyche]] as a 'mythologythe aim of [[psychoanalytic treatment]].
His opposition to the concept of instinctual maturation' (E[[development]] only reflects his suspicion of all [[normative]] models of [[psychic change]]; the [[subject]] is involved in a [[development|continual process of becoming]], 54)but this [[process]] is threatened, not aided, by imposing a [[development|fixed "providential" model]] of [[development|genetic development]] upon it. He argues that the various 'stages' analysed
by Freud (oral[[Lacan]] thus argues that "in psychoanalysis, [[history]] is a [[dimension]] different to that of development, anal and genital) are not observable biological phenomenathat it is an aberration to try to reduce the former to the latter. History only proceeds out of beat with development."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 875</ref>
which develop naturally=====Two "Stages"=====What, then, such as is to be made of the two great "stages of sensoriomotor development" which dominate [[Lacan]]'s teaching, butthe [[mirror stage]] and the [[Oedipus complex]]?
'obviously more complex structures' The [[Mirror stage]] is clearly related to an [[event]] which can be located in a specific [[time]] in the [[life]] of the [[child]] (Ebetween six to eighteen months), 242)but this event is only of interest to [[Lacan]] because it illustrates the essentially [[time]]less [[structure]] of the [[dual relation]]ship; and it is this [[structure]] that constitutes the heart of the [[Mirror stage]]. The pregenital stages are not
chronologically ordered moments of (It is interesting to note that the [[French]] term ''stade'' can be [[understood]] in both [[temporal]] and spatial terms, as a child's development"[[stage]]", but essentiallyor as a "stadium").
timeless structures which are projected retroactively onto Likewise, while [[Freud]] locates the past; 'they are[[Oedipus complex]] at a specific [[time|age]] (the [[third]] to the fifth year of life), [[Lacan]] conceives of the [[Oedipus complex]] as a [[time]]less [[structure|triangular]] [[structure]] of [[subjectivity]].
ordered in =====History of the retroaction Subject=====It follows that questions of exactly when the [[ego]] is constituted, or when the [[child]] enters the [[Oedipus complex' (E]], 197)which have led to so much controversy between other [[school]]s of [[psychoanalysis]], are of little interest to [[Lacan]]. Lacan thus
dismisses all attempts to draw empirical evidence for While [[Lacan]] admits that the sequence "ego is constituted at a specific [[moment]] in the history of [[The Subject|the subject]],"<ref>{{S1}} p. l15</ref> and that there is a moment when the [[Oedipus complex]] is formed, he is not interested in the question of psycho-exactly when those moments occur.
sexual stages by means The question of 'when the so-called direct observation of [[child]] makes his entry into the child' (E,[[symbolic]] [[order]] is irrelevant to [[psychoanalysis]].
242)All that matters is that before he does so he is incapable of [[speech]] and so inaccesible to [[psychoanalysis]], and places the emphasis on the reconstruction of such stages in that after he does so everything prior to that moment is transformed [[retroactive]]ly by the[[symbolic]] [[system]].
analysis of adults; 'It is by starting with the experience of the adult that we==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Complex]]* [[Defence]]||* [[Dual relation]]* [[Ego-psychology]]* [[Genital]]||* [[Language]]* [[Mirror stage]]* [[Nature]]||* [[Oedipus complex]]* [[Preoedipal phase]]* [[Psychoanalysis]]||* [[Signifier]]* [[Speech]]* [[Structure]]||* [[Subject]]* [[Symbolic]]* [[Time]]{{Also}}
==References==
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an analyst, is to undergo analytic treatment oneself. In the course of this treatment there will be a mutation in the economy of desire in the analyst- to-be; his desire will be restructured, reorganised (S8, 221-2). Only if this happens will he be able to function properly as an analyst.__NOTOC__
