development (dÈveloppement) Psychoanalysis is presented by EGO-
PSYCHOLOGY as a form of developmental psychology, with the emphasis placeddevelopment ([[French]]: ''développement'') ==Developmental Psychology==
on the temporal development [[Ego-Psychology]] presents [[psychoanalysis]] as a form of the child's sexuality[[developmental psychology]]. According to this
interpretation, Freud shows how [[Ego-Psychology]] is concerned with the [[temporal]] [[development]] of the [[child progresses through the various]]'s [[sexuality]].
pregenital stages (the oral and anal stages) to maturity in the GENITAL Stage.
In his early work Lacan seems [[Sigmund Freud]]The [[child]] through the various pregenital stages (the [[oral]] and [[anal]] stages) to accept this developmental reading ofmaturity in the [[genital]] stage.
Freud (which he labels 'geneticism'), at least in the matter of a genetic
order for the three 'family complexes' (==Jacques Lacan, 1938) and for ego defences==
(EIn his early work [[Lacan]] seems to accept this [[development]]al reading of [[Freud]], 5). As late as 1950 he takes seriously such at least in the matter of a genetic concepts as order for the three 'family complexes'objectaland for [[ego]] [[defence]]s.<ref>Lacan 1938; {{E}} p.5</ref>
fixation' and 'stagnation In the early 1950s, [[Lacan]] becomes critical of [[development' (Ec, 148)]] for various reasons. However, in the early
1950s he begins to become extremely critical Firstly, it presupposes a [[natural]] [[order]] for [[sexual]] [[development]] and takes no account of geneticism for variousthe [[symbolic]] articulation of [[human]] [[sexuality]], thus ignoring the fundamental differences between [[drive]]s and [[instinct]]s.
reasons. FirstlySecondly, it presupposes is based on a natural order for sexual development andlinear concept of [[time]] which is completely at odds with the [[psychoanalytic theory]] of [[time]].
takes no account of the symbolic articulation Finally, it assumes that a final synthesis of human [[sexuality]] is both possible and normal, thuswhereas for [[Lacan]] no such [[synthesis]] exists.
ignoring Thus, while both [[ego-psychology]] and [[object-relations theory]] propose the fundamental differences between drives and instinctsconcept of a final stage of [[psychosexual]] [[development]], in which the [[subject]] attains a 'mature' relation with the [[object]], described as a [[genital]] relation, this is totally rejected by [[Lacan]]. Sec-
ondly[[Lacan]] argues that such a state of final [[wholeness]] and maturity is not possible because the [[subject]] is irremediably [[split]], it is based on a linear concept and the [[metonymy]] of time which [[desire]] is completely atunstoppable.
odds with Furthermore, [[Lacan]] points out that "the psychoanalytic theory object which corresponds to an advanced stage of TIMEinstinctual maturity is a rediscovered object. Finally, it assumes that a"<ref>{{S4}} p.15</ref>
The so-called final synthesis stage of sexuality maturity is both possible and normal, whereas for Lacannothing more than the encounter with the [[object]] of the first satisfactions of the [[child]].
no such synthesis exists[[Lacan]] disputes the geneticist reading of [[Freud]], describing it as a "mythology of instinctual maturation. Thus, while both ego-psychology and oBJECT-RELA-"<ref>{{E}} p.54)</ref>
TIONS THEORY propose He argues that the concept of a final various '[[stage ]]s' analysed by [[Freud]] ([[oral]], [[anal]] and [[genital]]) are not observable biological phenomena which develop naturally, such as the stages of psychosexual develop-sensoriomotor development, but "obviously more complex structures."<ref>{{E}} p.242</ref>
mentThe pregenital stages are not chronologically ordered moments of a child's development, in but essentially timeless structures which are projected retroactively onto the subject attains a 'mature' relation with the object,past.
described as a genital relation, this is totally rejected by Lacan"They are ordered in the retroaction of the Oedipus complex. Lacan"<ref>{{E}} p.197</ref>
argues that [[Lacan]] thus dismisses all attempts to draw empirical evidence for the sequence of psychosexual stages by means of "the so-called direct observation of the child,"<ref>{{E}} 242</ref> and places the emphasis on the reconstruction of such a state stages in the [[analysis]] of final wholeness and maturity is not possibleadults.
because "It is by starting with the experience of the subject is irremediably splitadult that we must grapple, retrospectively, nachtr‰glich, and with the metonymy of desire issupposedly original experiences."<ref>{{Sl}} p.217</ref>
unstoppable. FurthermoreIn 1961, the pregenital stages are conceived by [[Lacan points out that 'the object which corre-]] as forms of [[demand]].
sponds The complex relationship between the chronological emergence of phenomena and the logical sequence of structures is also illustrated by reference to an advanced stage the question of instinctual maturity is a rediscovered object'language acquisition.
On the one hand, psycholinguistics has discovered a natural order of development, in which the infant progresses through a sequence of biologically predetermined stages (S4babbling, followed by phoneme acquisition, 15then isolated words, and then sentences of increasing complexity); the so-called final stage of maturity is nothing more than the.
encounter [[Lacan]], however, is not interested in this chronological sequence, since it only deals with "the object emergence, properly speaking, of the first satisfactions of the childa phenomenon."<ref>{{Sl}} p.179</ref>
What interests [[Lacan disputes ]] is not the geneticist reading phenomena (external appearance) of Freud, describing it as [[language]] but the way [[language]] positions the [[subject]] in a 'mythology[[symbolic]] [[structure]].
In respect of instinctual maturation' (Ethe latter, 54). He argues [[Lacan]] points out that 'the child already has an initial appreciation of the various symbolism of language'stages' analysedwell before he can speak, "well before the exteriorised appearance of language."<ref>{{Sl}} p.179; {{Sl}} p.54</ref>
by Freud (oralHowever, anal and genital) are the question of how this 'initial appreciation' of the symbolic comes about is almost impossible to theorise, since it is not observable biological phenomenaa question of a gradual acquisition of one signifier after another but the 'all or nothing' entry into a 'universe' of [[signifier]]s.
which develop naturally, such as the stages A [[signifier]] is only a [[signifier]] by virtue of sensoriomotor developmentits relation to other signifiers, butand so cannot be acquired in isolation.
'obviously more complex structures' (EThus the transition to the symbolic is always a question of creation ex nihilo, 242)a radical discontinuity between one order and another, and never a question of a gradual evolution. The pregenital stages are not
chronologically ordered moments The last term is particularly distasteful for Lacan, who warns his students to 'beware of that register of a childthought known as evolutionism's development(S7, 213), but essentiallyand prefers to describe psychic change in terms of metaphors of creation ex nihilo.
timeless structures which Lacan's opposition to notions of development and evolution are projected retroactively onto not based on an opposition to the past; 'they arenotion of psychic change in itself.
ordered in On the retroaction contrary, Lacan insists on the historicity of the Oedipus complex' (Epsyche, 197)and sees the restoration of fluidity and movement to the psyche as the aim of psychoanalytic treatment. Lacan thus
dismisses His opposition to the concept of development only reflects his suspicion of all attempts to draw empirical evidence for normative models of psychic change; the sequence subject is involved in a continual process of becoming, but this process is threatened, not aided, by imposing a fixed 'providential' model of psycho-genetic development upon it.
sexual stages by means Lacan thus argues that'in psychoanalysis, history is a dimension different to that of 'development, and that it is an aberration to try to reduce the so-called direct observation of former to the child' (E,latter.
242), and places the emphasis on the reconstruction History only proceeds out of such stages in thebeat with development.<ref>{{Ec}} p.875</ref>
analysis What, then, is to be made of adults; the two great 'stages' which dominate Lacan'It is by starting with s teaching, the experience of [[mirror stage]] and the adult that we[[Oedipus complex]]?
The [[mirror stage]] is clearly related to an event which can be located in a specific time in the life of the [[child]] (between six to eighteen months), but this event is only of interest to [[Lacan]] because it illustrates the essentially timeless [[structure]] of the [[dual relation]]ship; and it is this [[structure]] that constitutes the heart of the [[mirror stage]].
(It is interesting to note that the French term stade can be understood in both temporal and spatial terms, as a 'stage', or as a 'stadium').
Likewise, while [[Freud]] locates the [[Oedipus complex]] at a specific age (the third to the fifth year of life), [[Lacan]] conceives of the [[Oedipus complex]] as a timeless triangular [[structure]] of [[subjectivity]].
It follows that questions of exactly when the [[ego]] is constituted, or when the [[child]] enters the [[Oedipus complex]], which have led to so much controversy between other [[school]]s of [[psychoanalysis]], are of little interest to [[Lacan]].
an analystWhile [[Lacan]] admits that the "ego is constituted at a specific moment in the history of the subject,"<ref>{{Sl}} p.l15</ref> and that there is a moment when the [[Oedipus complex]] is formed, he is to undergo analytic treatment oneself. In not interested in the course question of thisexactly when those moments occur.
treatment there will be a mutation in The question of when the economy of desire in [[child]] makes his entry into the analyst-[[symbolic]] [[order]] is irrelevant to [[psychoanalysis]].
All that matters is that before he does so he is incapable of [[speech]] and so inaccesible to-be; his desire will be restructured[[psychoanalysis]], reorganised (S8, 221-2)and that after he does so everything prior to that moment is transformed retroactively by the [[symbolic]] system. Only if this
happens will he be able to function properly as an analyst.==See Also==
==References==
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[[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Development]]==See Also== [[Category:Freudian psychology]][[Category:Help]]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
