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==Sigmund Freud==
==''Verleugnung''==
[[Freud]] uses the term ''[[Disavowal|Verleugnung]]'' to denote "a specific mode of [[defence ]] which consists in the [[subject]]'s refusing to recognize the reality of a [[traumatic ]] [[perception]]."<ref>Laplanche, Jean and Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand. ''The [[Language ]] of [[Psycho]]-[[Analysis]]'', trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith, [[London]]: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1973 [1967]. p. 118</ref>
==Castration Complex==
He introduces the term in 1923 in connection with the [[castration complex]], the traumatic perception [[being ]] the [[sight ]] of the [[female]] [[biology|genitalia]]; when [[child]]ren first discover the [[absence]] of the [[penis]] in the [[girl]], they "disavow the fact and believe that they do see a penis all the [[time]]."<ref>{{F}}. "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Infantile Genital Organization]]", 1923e. [[SE]] XIX. pp. 143-4</ref>
==Psychosis and Fetishism==
[[Freud]] continues to employ the term throughout the rest of his [[work]], linking it specifically both to [[psychosis]] and to [[fetishism]].
=="Splitting of the Ego"==
In these [[treatment|clinical conditions]], [[disavowal]] is always accompanied by the opposite attitude (acceptance of [[reality]]), since it is "rarely or perhaps never" possible for "the ego's detachment from reality to be carried through completely."<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|An Outline of Psycho-Analysis]]'', 1940a. [[SE]] XXIII. p. 201</ref>
The coexistence in the [[ego]] of these two contradictory attitudes to reality leads to what [[Freud]] [[terms ]] "the [[splitting ]] of the ego."
==Jacques Lacan==
While [[Freud]]'s use of the term is quite consistent, he does not distinguish the term rigorously from the other related operations.
[[Lacan]], however, works the term into a rigorous [[theory]], relating it and constrasting it specifically with the operations of [[repression]] and [[foreclosure]].
==Perversion==
Whereas [[Freud]] had only linked [[disavowal]] to one [[form ]] of [[perversion]], [[Lacan]] makes it the fundamental operation in all forms of [[perversion]].
And whereas [[Freud]] had also linked [[disavowal]] with [[psychosis]], [[Lacan]] limits [[disavowal]] exclusively to the [[structure]] of [[perversion]].
Thus the [[pervert]] is not simply [[knowledge|ignorant]] of [[castration]]; he simultaneously [[knowledge|knows]] it and denies it.
Whereas the term [[disavowal]] originally denotes, in [[Freud]]'s work, only one side of this operation (the side of [[denial]]), for [[Lacan]] the term comes to denote both sides, the simultaneous [[denial]] and [[recognition ]] of [[castration]].
==Lack and Desire==
The [[trauma]]tic perception is, in [[Lacan]]'s account, the realization that the [[cause]] of [[desire]] is always a [[lack]].
It is this realization that [[disavowal]] concerns; [[disavowal]] is the failure to accept that [[lack]] causes [[desire]], the [[belief ]] that [[desire]] is caused by a [[presence]] (e.g. the [[fetish]]).
==See Also==
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
