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Discourse

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{{Top}}[[discours]]{{Bottom}}
=====Discourse of the Other=====
The term "[[discourse]]" is used by [[Lacan]] to emphasize the ''[[intersubjectivity|transindividual]]'' [[nature ]] of '''[[language]]''', the fact that '''[[speech]]''' always implies [[another ]] [[subject]], an interlocutor.
The '''[[unconscious]]''' is the "[[discourse|discourse of the Other]]", the effect on the [[subject]] of [[speech]] that is addressed to that [[subject]] from elsewhere, by another [[subject]] (who has been [[memory|forgotten]]), by an [[scene|other scene]] or [[scene|psychic locality]].
In 1969, [[Lacan]] begins to use the term "[[discourse]]" to denote a "[[discourse|social bond]], founded in [[language]]."
He [[identifies ]] ''four'' types of [[discourse|social bonds]], four articulations of the [[symbolic order|symbolic network]] which regulates [[intersubjectivity|intersubjective relations]].
=====Four Discourses=====
=====Four Algorithms=====
[[Image:Lacan-fourdiscourselettersLetdis.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Algebra]]ic [[symbol]]s from the [[Four Discourses]]]]
Each of the [[discourse|four discourses]] is represented by an [[matheme|algorithm]] which contains ''four'' [[algebraic]] [[symbol]]s.
The names of these ''four'' [[symbol]]s are shown to the [[right]].
=====Four Symbols=====
The ''four'' [[symbol]]s correspond to ''four'' different [[discourse|positions]] in each [[matheme|algorithm]] of the [[discourse|four discourses]].
Each [[matheme|algorithm]] of the [[discourse|four discourses]] has ''four'' different [[discourse|positions]] with which the ''four'' [[symbol]]s correspond.
=====Four Positions=====[[Image:Discourse-Structure.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The structure of the four discourses]] The [[discourse|position]] of the ''four'' [[symbol]]s in each [[matheme|algorithm]] is what distinguishes the [[discourse|four discourses]] from one another.
The [[discourse|four discourses]] are distinguished from one another by the [[discourse|positions]] of these ''four'' [[symbol]]s in each [[matheme|algorithm]].
The Each of the [[discourse|four discourses]] are is defined by the [[discourse|positionsposition]] of these the ''four'' [[symbol]]sin its [[matheme|algorithm]]. The names of the ''four'' [[discourse|positions]] are shown to the right.<ref>{{S20}} p. 21</ref> =====Discourse of the Master=====[[Image:Madis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[Master]]]]The [[discourse]] of the [[master]] is the basic [[discourse]] from which the other [[three]] [[discourse]]s are derived.  The '''dominant [[position]]''' is occupied by the [[master signifier]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]), which represents the [[subject]] ('''S''') for another [[signifier]] or, more precisely, for all other [[signifiers]] ([[Image:SS2.gif]]); however, in this [[signification|signifying operation]] there is always a [[surplus]], namely, ''[[objet petit a]]''.  The point is that all attempts at totalization are doomed to failure.  The [[discourse]] of the [[master]] "masks the [[division]] of the [[subject]]."<ref>{{S17}} p. 118</ref>  The [[discourse]] also illustrates clearly the [[structure]] of the [[dialectic]] of the [[master]] and the [[master|slave]].  The [[master]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]) is the [[discourse|agent]] who puts the [[slave]] ([[Image:SS2.gif]]) to [[work]]; the result of this work is a [[surplus]] (''[[objet (petit) a|a]]'') that the [[master]] attempts to appropriate. =====Discourse of the University=====[[Image:Unidis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[University]]]]The [[discourse]] of the [[university]] is produced by a quarter turn of the [[discourse]] of the [[master]] (anticlockwise).
Each The dominant position is occupied by [[knowledge]] (''[[savoir]]'').  This illustrates the fact that behind all attempts to impart an apparently "neutral" [[knowledge]] to the [[other]] can always be located an attempt at [[master]]y ([[master]]y of [[knowledge]], and domination of the [[other]] to whom this [[knowledge]] is imparted).  The [[discourse]] of the [[university]] represents the [[hegemony]] of [[knowledge]], particularly [[visible]] in [[modernity]] in the [[form]] of the hegemony of [[science]]. =====Discourse of the Hysteric=====[[Image:Hysdis.jpg|four discoursesthumb|right|[[Discourse]] is defined by of the [[Hysteria|Hysteric]]]]The [[discourse|position]] of the ''four'' [[symbolhysteric]] is also produced by a quarter turn of the [[discourse]]s in its of the [[matheme|algorithmmaster]], but in a clockwise direction.
The [[discourse|four discourses]] are defined It is not simply "that which is uttered by the a hysteric", but a certain kind of [[discourse|positionsocial bond]] of the ''four'' [[symbol]]s in each which any [[matheme|algorithmsubject]]may be inscribed.
Each of the [[discourse|four discourses]] are defined The dominant position is occupied by the [[discoursesplit|positionsdivided]] of these ''four'' [[symbolsubject]]s in its , the [[matheme|algorithmsymptom]].
The This [[discourse|positions]] of these ''four'' [[symbol]]s in each [[matheme|algorithm]] is what distinguishes that which points the way towards [[discourse|four discoursesknowledge]] from one another.<ref>{{S17}} p. 23</ref>
Each [[Psychoanalytic treatment]] involves "the [[structural]] introduction of the [[discourse]] has of the ''four'[[hysteric]]''' by means of artificial [[conditions]]"; in other [[words]], the [[analyst]] "[[hysteria|hystericises]]" the [[patient]]' s [[discourse|positions]], which stand in a fixed relationship to one another.<ref>{{S17}} p. 35</ref>
=====Four NamesDiscourse of the Analyst=====[[Image:Lacan-structurefourdiscoursesAnadis.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[Analyst]]]]The structure [[discourse]] of the [[analyst]] is produced by a quarter turn of the four discourses[[discourse]]of the [[hysteric]] (in the same way as [[Freud]] developed [[psychoanalysis]] by giving an [[interpretation|interpretative]] turn to the [[discourse]] of his [[hysterical]] [[patient]]s).
The first position (with which each of the [[discourse|agent]] starts) , which is called the position occupied by the [[analyst]] in the [discourse[treatment]], is occupied by ''[[objet (petit) a|agentobjet petit a]]''; this illustrates the fact that the [[analyst]] must, in the course of the [[treatment]], become the [[cause]] of the [[analysand]]'s [[desire]].<ref>{{S17}} p. 41</ref>
The second position fact that this [[discourse]] is called the [[inverse]] of the [[discourse|other]]of the [[master]] emphasises that, for [[Lacan]], [[psychoanalysis]] is an essentially subversive [[practice]] which undermines all attempts at domination and [[master]]y.
=====Discourse of the Capitalist=====In a few parts of his teaching (notably in his discourse in Milano), Lacan talked [[about]] a new kind of discourse which caracterizes our post-modern [[society]]: the discourse of the [[capitalist]]. The third position of the [[agent]], is occupied by the [[subject]] ('''S'''), who does not address the other, but the [[truth]] (this position is called now occupied by the [[master signifier]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]), the [[Market]]). Through the Market, the [[subject]] ('''S''') can ask the [[knowledge]] (''[[savoir]]''), ([[Image:SS2.gif]]), Science and [[Technology]] to produce [[objects]] to be consumed (''[[objet petit a]]''). This objects are made to never feed completely the [[subject's desire]].This discourseis not part of the [[social]] bond [[theory]]. We notice that, in this discourse (contrary to the [[four discourses]]), an arrow hits the position of the truth. With the Discourse of the Capitalist, Lacan tried to account for a new kind of social bonds in which [[The Subject|productthe subject]]become more and more individualistic, egoistic. The Market is here the new Truth which cannot be contradicted.
The four position is called the ==See Also=={{See}}* [[discourseAlgebra]]* [[Analyst]]* [[Communication]]||* [[Hysteria]]* [[Intersubjectivity]]* [[Knowledge]]||truth* [[Language]]* [[Master]]* [[Matheme]]||* [[Science]]* [[Speech]]* [[Subject]]||* [[Symbol]]* [[Symptom]]* [[Unconscious]].{{Also}}
The names of the ''four'' [[discourse|positions]] are shown below.==References==<refdiv style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">{{S20}} p. 21<references/ref></div>
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Symbolic]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
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