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==Jacques Lacan===Discourse of the Other=====Whenever [[Lacan]] uses the The term "[[discourse]]" (rather than, say, "is used by [[speechLacan]]") it is in order to stress emphasize the ''[[intersubjectivity|transindividual ]]'' [[nature ]] of '''[[language]]''', the fact that '''[[speech]] ''' always implies [[another ]] [[subject]], an interlocutor.

Thus the famous The '''[[Lacan|Lacanian formulaunconscious]], "the unconscious ''' is the "[[discourse|discourse of the Other" designates the [[unconscious]] as ", the effects effect on the [[subject]] of [[speech]] that is addressed to him that [[subject]] from elsewhere; , by another [[subject]] (who has been [[memory|forgotten]]), by another an [[scene|other scene]] or [[scene|psychic locality (the other scene)]].

===Four Discourses==Social Bond=====In 1969, [[Lacan]] begins to use the term "[[discourse]]" to denote a "[[discourse|social bond]], founded in [[language]]."

In 1969, He [[Lacanidentifies]] begins to use the term "''four'' types of [[discourse|social bonds]]" in a slightly different way, though one that still carries with it four articulations of the stress on [[symbolic order|symbolic network]] which regulates [[intersubjectivity|intersubjective relations]].

From this point on the term designates =====Four Discourses=====These "a social bond, founded in language.[[discourse|four discourses]]"<ref>{{S20}} p.21</ref>are

* the [[Lacandiscourse]] identifies four possible types of social bondthe '''[[master]]''', four possible articulations * the [[discourse]] of the '''[[symbolic order|symbolic networkuniversity]]''',* the [[discourse] which regulates ] of the '''[[hysteric]]''', and* the [[discourse]] of the '''[[intersubjectivity|intersubjective relationsanalyst]]'''.

These "=====Four Algorithms=====[[four discourses]]" are the Image:Letdis.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[discourse of the masterAlgebra]], the ic [[discourse of the universitysymbol]], s from the [[discourse of the hystericFour Discourses]], and the [[discourse of the analyst]].

[[Lacan]] represents each Each of the [[discourse|four discourses]] is represented by an [[matheme|algorithm: each algorithm ]] which contains the following ''four '' [[algebraic]] [[symbol]]s:.

The names of these ''four'' [[symbol]]s are shown to the [[Image:Lacan-fourdiscourseletters.jpg|right]].

What distinguishes The ''four'' [[symbol]]s correspond to ''four'' different [[discourse|positions]] in each [[matheme|algorithm]] of the [[discourse|four discourses]] from one another is the positions of these four symbols.

There are four positions in the algorithms Each [[matheme|algorithm]] of the [[discourse|four discourses]], each of has ''four'' different [[discourse|positions]] with which is designated by a different namethe ''four'' [[symbol]]s correspond.

[[Image:Discourse-Structure.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The names structure of the four positions are shown below; [[Lacandiscourses]] gives different names to these positions at different points in his work, and this figure is taken from the 1972-3 seminar.<ref>{{S20}} p.21</ref>

The [[Image:Lacan-structurefourdiscourses.jpgdiscourse|thumbposition]] of the ''four'' [[symbol]]s in each [[matheme|rightalgorithm]] is what distinguishes the [[discourse|The structure of the four discourses]]from one another.

Each The [[discourse|four discourses]] is defined are distinguished from one another by writing the four [[algebraicdiscourse|positions]] of these ''four'' [[symbol]]s in a different positioneach [[matheme|algorithm]].

The Each of the [[symboldiscourse|four discourses]]s always remain in is defined by the same order, so each [[discourse|position]] is simply the result of rotating the ''four'' [[symbol]]s a quarter turnin its [[matheme|algorithm]].

The top-left position ("the agent") is the dominant position which defines names of the ''four'' [[disocursediscourse|positions]]are shown to the right.<ref>{{S20}} p.21</ref>

In addition to =====Discourse of the four Master=====[[symbolImage:Madis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[Master]]]]The [[discourse]] of the [[master]] is the basic [[discourse]]s, each algorithm also contains an arrow going from the agent to which the other[[three]] [[discourse]]s are derived.

The '''dominant [[four discoursesposition]] are shown ''' is occupied by the [[master signifier]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]), which represents the [[subject]] ('''S''') for another [[signifier]] or, more precisely, for all other [[signifiers]] ([[Image:SS2.gif]]); however, in the figure belowthis [[signification|signifying operation]] there is always a [[surplus]], namely, ''[[objet petit a]]''.

In 1971, The [[Lacandiscourse]] proposes that the position of the agent is also [[master]] "masks the position [[division]] of the [[semblancesubject]]. "<ref>{{S17}} p. 118</ref>

In 1972, The [[Lacandiscourse]] inscribes two arrows in also illustrates clearly the formulas isntead [[structure]] of one; one arrows (which the [[Lacandialectic]] labels "impossibility") goes from of the agent to the other, [[master]] and the other arrow (which is labelled "powerlessness") goes from production to truth.<ref>{{S20}} p[[master|slave]].21</ref>

=====Discourse of the University=====[[Image:Lacan-fourdiscoursesUnidis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[University]]]]The [[discourse]] of the [[university]] is produced by a quarter turn of the [[discourse]] of the [[master]] (anticlockwise).  The dominant position is occupied by [[knowledge]] (''[[savoir]]'').  This illustrates the fact that behind all attempts to impart an apparently "neutral" [[knowledge]] to the [[other]] can always be located an attempt at [[master]]y ([[master]]y of [[knowledge]], and domination of the [[other]] to whom this [[knowledge]] is imparted).  The [[discourse]] of the [[university]] represents the [[hegemony]] of [[knowledge]], particularly [[visible]] in [[modernity]] in the [[form]] of the hegemony of [[science]]. =====Discourse of the Hysteric=====[[Image:Hysdis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[Hysteria|Hysteric]]]]The [[discourse]] of the [[hysteric]] is also produced by a quarter turn of the [[discourse]] of the [[master]], but in a clockwise direction.  It is not simply "that which is uttered by a hysteric", but a certain kind of [[discourse|social bond]] in which any [[subject]] may be inscribed.  The dominant position is occupied by the [[split|divided]] [[subject]], the [[symptom]].  This [[discourse]] is that which points the way towards [[knowledge]].<ref>{{S17}} p. 23</ref> [[Psychoanalytic treatment]] involves "the [[structural]] introduction of the [[discourse]] of the '''[[hysteric]]''' by means of artificial [[conditions]]"; in other [[words]], the [[analyst]] "[[hysteria|hystericises]]" the [[patient]]'s [[discourse]].<ref>{{S17}} p. 35</ref> =====Discourse of the Analyst=====[[Image:Anadis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[Analyst]]]]The [[discourse]] of the [[analyst]] is produced by a quarter turn of the [[discourse]] of the [[hysteric]] (in the same way as [[Freud]] developed [[psychoanalysis]] by giving an [[interpretation|interpretative]] turn to the [[discourse]] of his [[hysterical]] [[patient]]s).  The position of the [[discourse|agent]], which is the position occupied by the [[analyst]] in the [[treatment]], is occupied by ''[[objet (petit) a|objet petit a]]''; this illustrates the fact that the [[analyst]] must, in the course of the [[treatment]], become the [[cause]] of the [[analysand]]'s [[desire]].<ref>{{S17}} p. 41</ref> The fact that this [[discourse]] is the [[inverse]] of the [[discourse]] of the [[master]] emphasises that, for [[Lacan]], [[psychoanalysis]] is an essentially subversive [[practice]] which undermines all attempts at domination and [[master]]y. =====Discourse of the Capitalist=====In a few parts of his teaching (notably in his discourse in Milano), Lacan talked [[about]] a new kind of discourse which caracterizes our post-modern [[society]]: the discourse of the [[capitalist]]. The position of the [[agent]], is occupied by the [[subject]] ('''S'''), who does not address the other, but the [[truth]] (this position is now occupied by the [[master signifier]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]), the [[Market]]). Through the Market, the [[subject]] ('''S''') can ask the [[knowledge]] (''[[savoir]]''), ([[Image:SS2.gif]]), Science and [[Technology]] to produce [[objects]] to be consumed (''[[objet petit a]]''). This objects are made to never feed completely the [[subject's desire]].This discourse is not part of the [[social]] bond [[theory]]. We notice that, in this discourse (contrary to the [[four discourses]]), an arrow hits the position of the truth. With the Discourse of the Capitalist, Lacan tried to account for a new kind of social bonds in which [[The Subject|the subject]] become more and more individualistic, egoistic. The Market is here the new Truth which cannot be contradicted. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Algebra]]* [[Analyst]]* [[Communication]]||* [[Hysteria]]* [[Intersubjectivity]]* [[Knowledge]]||* [[Language]]* [[Master]]* [[Matheme]]||* [[Science]]* [[Speech]]* [[Subject]]||* [[Symbol]]* [[Symptom]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}} ==References==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><references /></div> [[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Language]][[Category:Symbolic]][[Category:Linguistics]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]]{{OK}}