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Discourse

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"[[Discourse]]" ([[Fr]]. ''{{Top}}[[discours]]''){{Bottom}}
==Jacques Lacan==
Whenever [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[discourse]]" (rather than, say, "[[speech]]") it is in order to stress the transindividual nature of [[language]], the fact that [[speech]] always implies another [[subject]], an interlocutor.
Thus =====Discourse of the famous Other=====The term "[[Lacan|Lacanian formuladiscourse]], "the unconscious is used by [[Lacan]] to emphasize the discourse of the Other" designates the ''[[unconsciousintersubjectivity|transindividual]] as the effects on the '' [[subjectnature]] of '''[[speechlanguage]] ''', the fact that is addressed to him from elsewhere; by another '''[[subjectspeech]] who has been forgotten, by ''' always implies [[another psychic locality (the other ]] [[scenesubject]]), an interlocutor.
===Four Discourses===In 1969, The '''[[Lacanunconscious]] begins to use ''' is the term "[[discourse|discourse of the Other]]" in a slightly different way, though one that still carries with it the stress effect on the [[subject]] of [[speech]] that is addressed to that [[subject]] from elsewhere, by another [[subject]] (who has been [[memory|forgotten]]), by an [[scene|other scene]] or [[intersubjectivityscene|psychic locality]].
From this point on =====Social Bond=====In 1969, [[Lacan]] begins to use the term designates "[[discourse]]" to denote a "[[discourse|social bond]], founded in [[language]]."<ref>{{S20}} p.21</ref>
He [[Lacanidentifies]] identifies ''four possible '' types of [[discourse|social bondbonds]], four possible articulations of the [[symbolic order|symbolic network]] which regulates [[intersubjectivity|intersubjective relations]].
=====Four Discourses=====These "[[discourse|four discourses]]" are the [[discourse|discourse of the master]], the [[discourse|discourse of the university]], the [[discourse|discourse of the hysteric]], and the [[discourse|discourse of the analyst]].
* the [[Lacandiscourse]] represents each of the '''[[four discoursesmaster]] by an algorithm: each algorithm contains ''',* the following four [[algebraicdiscourse]] of the '''[[university]]''',* the [[discourse]] of the '''[[hysteric]]''', and* the [[discourse]] of the '''[[symbolanalyst]]s:'''.
=====Four Algorithms=====[[Image:Lacan-fourdiscourselettersLetdis.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Algebra]]ic [[symbol]]s from the [[Four Discourses]]]]
What distinguishes Each of the [[discourse|four discourses]] from one another is the positions of these represented by an [[matheme|algorithm]] which contains ''four symbols'' [[algebraic]] [[symbol]]s.
There The names of these ''four'' [[symbol]]s are four positions in the algorithms of shown to the [[four discoursesright]], each of which is designated by a different name.
The names of the ''four positions are shown below; '' [[Lacansymbol]] gives s correspond to ''four'' different names to these [[discourse|positions at different points ]] in his work, and this figure is taken from each [[matheme|algorithm]] of the 1972-3 seminar.<ref>{{S20}} p[[discourse|four discourses]].21</ref>
Each [[Image:Lacan-structurefourdiscourses.jpgmatheme|thumbalgorithm]] of the [[discourse|rightfour discourses]] has ''four'' different [[discourse|The structure of positions]] with which the ''four discourses'' [[symbol]]s correspond.
Each [[discourse]] is defined by writing Image:Discourse-Structure.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The structure of the four [[algebraicdiscourses]] [[symbol]]s in a different position.
The [[discourse|position]] of the ''four'' [[symbol]]s always remain in the same order, so each [[discoursematheme|algorithm]] is simply the result of rotating what distinguishes the [[symboldiscourse|four discourses]]s a quarter turnfrom one another.
The top-left position ("the agent") is the dominant position which defines [[discourse|four discourses]] are distinguished from one another by the [[discourse|positions]] of these ''four'' [[symbol]]s in each [[matheme|algorithm]].
In addition to Each of the [[discourse|four discourses]] is defined by the [[discourse|position]] of the ''four'' [[symbol]]s, each in its [[matheme|algorithm also contains an arrow going from the agent to the other]].
The names of the ''four'' [[four discoursesdiscourse|positions]] are shown in to the figure belowright.<ref>{{S20}} p.21</ref>
---=====Discourse of the Master=====[[Image:Madis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[Master]]]]The [[discourse]] of the [[master]] is the basic [[discourse]] from which the other [[three]] [[discourse]]s are derived.
In 1971, The '''dominant [[Lacanposition]] proposes that ''' is occupied by the position of [[master signifier]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]), which represents the agent [[subject]] ('''S''') for another [[signifier]] or, more precisely, for all other [[signifiers]] ([[Image:SS2.gif]]); however, in this [[signification|signifying operation]] there is also the position of the always a [[surplus]], namely, ''[[semblanceobjet petit a]]''.
In 1972, [[Lacan]] inscribes two arrows in the formulas isntead of one; one arrows (which [[Lacan]] labels "impossibility") goes from the agent to the other, and the other arrow (which The point is labelled "powerlessness") goes from production that all attempts at totalization are doomed to truth.<ref>{{S20}} pfailure.21</ref>
The [[Image:Lacan-fourdiscourses.jpg|thumb|right|The four discoursesdiscourse]] of the [[master]] "masks the [[division]] of the [[subject]]."<ref>{{S17}} p. 118</ref>
The [[discourse]] also illustrates clearly the [[structure]] of the [[dialectic]] of the [[master]] and the [[master|slave]].
 
The [[master]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]) is the [[discourse|agent]] who puts the [[slave]] ([[Image:SS2.gif]]) to [[work]]; the result of this work is a [[surplus]] (''[[objet (petit) a|a]]'') that the [[master]] attempts to appropriate.
 
On the gif the right-side S barré is a typo. It must be changed to [[objet]] [[petit a]] (as rightly described.
 
=====Discourse of the University=====
[[Image:Unidis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[University]]]]
The [[discourse]] of the [[university]] is produced by a quarter turn of the [[discourse]] of the [[master]] (anticlockwise).
 
The dominant position is occupied by [[knowledge]] (''[[savoir]]'').
 
This illustrates the fact that behind all attempts to impart an apparently "neutral" [[knowledge]] to the [[other]] can always be located an attempt at [[master]]y ([[master]]y of [[knowledge]], and domination of the [[other]] to whom this [[knowledge]] is imparted).
 
The [[discourse]] of the [[university]] represents the [[hegemony]] of [[knowledge]], particularly [[visible]] in [[modernity]] in the [[form]] of the hegemony of [[science]].
 
=====Discourse of the Hysteric=====
[[Image:Hysdis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[Hysteria|Hysteric]]]]
The [[discourse]] of the [[hysteric]] is also produced by a quarter turn of the [[discourse]] of the [[master]], but in a clockwise direction.
 
It is not simply "that which is uttered by a hysteric", but a certain kind of [[discourse|social bond]] in which any [[subject]] may be inscribed.
 
The dominant position is occupied by the [[split|divided]] [[subject]], the [[symptom]].
 
This [[discourse]] is that which points the way towards [[knowledge]].<ref>{{S17}} p. 23</ref>
 
[[Psychoanalytic treatment]] involves "the [[structural]] introduction of the [[discourse]] of the '''[[hysteric]]''' by means of artificial [[conditions]]"; in other [[words]], the [[analyst]] "[[hysteria|hystericises]]" the [[patient]]'s [[discourse]].<ref>{{S17}} p. 35</ref>
 
=====Discourse of the Analyst=====
[[Image:Anadis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[Analyst]]]]
The [[discourse]] of the [[analyst]] is produced by a quarter turn of the [[discourse]] of the [[hysteric]] (in the same way as [[Freud]] developed [[psychoanalysis]] by giving an [[interpretation|interpretative]] turn to the [[discourse]] of his [[hysterical]] [[patient]]s).
 
The position of the [[discourse|agent]], which is the position occupied by the [[analyst]] in the [[treatment]], is occupied by ''[[objet (petit) a|objet petit a]]''; this illustrates the fact that the [[analyst]] must, in the course of the [[treatment]], become the [[cause]] of the [[analysand]]'s [[desire]].<ref>{{S17}} p. 41</ref>
 
The fact that this [[discourse]] is the [[inverse]] of the [[discourse]] of the [[master]] emphasises that, for [[Lacan]], [[psychoanalysis]] is an essentially subversive [[practice]] which undermines all attempts at domination and [[master]]y.
 
=====Discourse of the Capitalist=====
In a few parts of his teaching (notably in his discourse in Milano), Lacan talked [[about]] a new kind of discourse which caracterizes our post-modern [[society]]: the discourse of the [[capitalist]]. The position of the [[agent]], is occupied by the [[subject]] ('''S'''), who does not address the other, but the [[truth]] (this position is now occupied by the [[master signifier]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]), the [[Market]]). Through the Market, the [[subject]] ('''S''') can ask the [[knowledge]] (''[[savoir]]''), ([[Image:SS2.gif]]), Science and [[Technology]] to produce [[objects]] to be consumed (''[[objet petit a]]''). This objects are made to never feed completely the [[subject's desire]].
This discourse is not part of the [[social]] bond [[theory]]. We notice that, in this discourse (contrary to the [[four discourses]]), an arrow hits the position of the truth. With the Discourse of the Capitalist, Lacan tried to account for a new kind of social bonds in which [[The Subject|the subject]] become more and more individualistic, egoistic. The Market is here the new Truth which cannot be contradicted.
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Algebra]]
* [[Analyst]]
* [[Communication]]
||
* [[Hysteria]]
* [[Intersubjectivity]]
* [[Knowledge]]
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* [[Language]]
* [[Master]]
* [[Matheme]]
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* [[Science]]
* [[Speech]]
* [[Subject]]
||
* [[Symbol]]
* [[Symptom]]
* [[Unconscious]]
{{Also}}
==References==
<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><references /></div>
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Symbolic]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
{{OK}}
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