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discourse ({{Top}}[[discours) Whenever Lacan uses the term 'discourse' (rather]]{{Bottom}}

=====Discourse of the Other=====The term "[[discourse]]" is used by [[Lacan]] to emphasize the ''[[intersubjectivity|transindividual]]'' [[nature]] of '''[[language]]''', the fact that '''[[speech ]]''' always implies [[another ]] [[subject]], an interlocu-interlocutor.

tor. Thus the famous Lacanian formula, The '''the [[unconscious ]]''' is the "[[discourse|discourse ofthe Other]]", the effect on the [[subject]] of [[speech]] that is addressed to that [[subject]] from elsewhere, by another [[subject]] (who has been [[memory|forgotten]]), by an [[scene|other scene]] or [[scene|psychic locality]].

=====Social Bond=====In 1969, [[Lacan]] begins to use the other' (which first appears term "[[discourse]]" to denote a "[[discourse|social bond]], founded in 1953, and later becomes 'the unconscious is[[language]]."

the He [[identifies]] ''four'' types of [[discourse |social bonds]], four articulations of the Other') designates the unconscious as the effects on the[[symbolic order|symbolic network]] which regulates [[intersubjectivity|intersubjective relations]].

who has been forgotten* the [[discourse]] of the '''[[master]]''', by another psychic locality (* the [[discourse]] of the '''[[university]]''',* the [[discourse]] of the '''[[hysteric]]''', and* the [[discourse]] of the other scene)'''[[analyst]]'''.

In 1969, Lacan begins to use =====Four Algorithms=====[[Image:Letdis.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Algebra]]ic [[symbol]]s from the term 'discourse' in a slightly different way,[[Four Discourses]]]]

though one that still carries with it Each of the stress on INTERSUBJECTIVITY[[discourse|four discourses]] is represented by an [[matheme|algorithm]] which contains ''four'' [[algebraic]] [[symbol]]s. From this

point on the term designates The names of these ''four'a social bond, founded in language' (S20, 21)[[symbol]]s are shown to the [[right]].

Lacan identifies The ''four possible types '' [[symbol]]s correspond to ''four'' different [[discourse|positions]] in each [[matheme|algorithm]] of social bond, the [[discourse|four possible articulationsdiscourses]].

Each [[matheme|algorithm]] of the symbolic network [[discourse|four discourses]] has ''four'' different [[discourse|positions]] with which regulates intersubjective relations. These the ''four'' [[symbol]]s correspond.

discourses' are the discourse [[Image:Discourse-Structure.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The structure of the master, the discourse of the university, thefour discourses]]

The [[discourse |position]] of the hysteric, and ''four'' [[symbol]]s in each [[matheme|algorithm]] is what distinguishes the [[discourse of the analyst|four discourses]] from one another. Lacan represents

each of the The [[discourse|four discourses ]] are distinguished from one another by an algorithm: the [[discourse|positions]] of these ''four'' [[symbol]]s in each [[matheme|algorithm contains the]].

following Each of the [[discourse|four algebraic symbols:discourses]] is defined by the [[discourse|position]] of the ''four'' [[symbol]]s in its [[matheme|algorithm]].

Si = The names of the master signifier''four'' [[discourse|positions]] are shown to the right.<ref>{{S20}} p. 21</ref>

S2 = knowledge (le savoir)====Discourse of the Master=====[[Image:Madis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[Master]]]]The [[discourse]] of the [[master]] is the basic [[discourse]] from which the other [[three]] [[discourse]]s are derived.

S = The '''dominant [[position]]''' is occupied by the [[master signifier]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]), which represents the [[subject]] ('''S''') for another [[signifier]] or, more precisely, for all other [[signifiers]] ([[Image:SS2.gif]]); however, in this [[signification|signifying operation]] there is always a [[surplus]], namely, ''[[objet petit a]]''.

What distinguishes The [[master]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]) is the four discourses from one another [[discourse|agent]] who puts the [[slave]] ([[Image:SS2.gif]]) to [[work]]; the result of this work is a [[surplus]] (''[[objet (petit) a|a]]'') that the positions of[[master]] attempts to appropriate.

these four symbols. There are four positions in On the algorithms of gif the fourright-side S barré is a typo. It must be changed to [[objet]] [[petit a]] (as rightly described.

discourses, each =====Discourse of which the University=====[[Image:Unidis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Discourse]] of the [[University]]]]The [[discourse]] of the [[university]] is designated produced by a different name. The names quarter turn of the [[discourse]] of the[[master]] (anticlockwise).

The dominant position is occupied by the agent [[split|divided]] [[subject]], the other[[symptom]].

Figure 2 =====Discourse of the Capitalist=====In a few parts of his teaching (notably in his discourse in Milano), Lacan talked [[about]] a new kind of discourse which caracterizes our post-modern [[society]]: the discourse of the [[capitalist]]. The structure position of the [[agent]], is occupied by the [[subject]] ('''S'''), who does not address the other, but the [[truth]] (this position is now occupied by the [[master signifier]] ([[Image:SS1.gif]]), the [[Market]]). Through the Market, the [[subject]] ('''S''') can ask the [[knowledge]] (''[[savoir]]''), ([[Image:SS2.gif]]), Science and [[Technology]] to produce [[objects]] to be consumed (''[[objet petit a]]''). This objects are made to never feed completely the [[subject's desire]].This discourse is not part of the [[social]] bond [[theory]]. We notice that, in this discourse (contrary to the [[four discourses]]), an arrow hits the position of the truth. With the Discourse of the Capitalist, Lacan tried to account for a new kind of social bonds in which [[The Subject|the subject]] become more and more individualistic, egoistic. The Market is here the new Truth which cannot be contradicted.

[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]   positions at different points in his work, and this figure is taken from the 1972-3 seminar (S20, 21).  Each discourse is defined by writing the four algebraic symbols in a different position. The symbols always remain in the same order, so each discourse is simply the result of rotating the symbols a quarter turn. The top-left position ('the agent') is the dominant position which defines the discourse. In addition to the four symbols, each algorithm also contains an arrow going from the agent to the other. The four discourses are shown in Figure 3 (taken from Sl7, 31).  In 1971, Lacan proposes that the position of the agent is also the position of the SEMBLANCE. In 1972, Lacan inscribes two arrows in the formulas instead of one; one arrow (which Lacan labels 'impossibility') goes from the agent to the other, and the other arrow (which is labelled 'powerlessness') goes from production to truth (S20, 21).  The discourse of the MASTER iS the basic discourse from which the other three discourses are derived. The dominant position is occupied by the master signifier (Si), which represents the subject (S) for another signifier or, more precisely, for all other signifiers (S2); however, in this signifying operation there is always a surplus, namely, objet petit a. The point is that all attempts at totalisation are doomed to failure. The discourse of the master 'masks the division of the subject' (Sl7, 118). The discourse also illustrates clearly the structure of the dialectic of the master and the slave. The master (S,) is the agent who puts the slave (S2) (O WOrk; the result of this work is a surplus (a) that the master attempts to appropriate.    Discourse of the master Discourse of the university  SiaS2 S24a        Discourse of the hysteric Discourse of the analyst  SMS, a->S  a S2 S2 Si   Figure 3 The four discourses  Source[[Category: Jacques Lacan, Le SÈminaire. Livre XVIL L'envers de la psychanalyse, ed. Jacques-Alain]][[Category:Language]] Miller, Paris[[Category: Seuil, 1975.      the agent the other  truth production     Figure 2 The structure of the four discoursesSymbolic]][[Category:Linguistics]]Source[[Category: Jacques Lacan, Le SÈminaire. Livre XX. Encore, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, Paris: Seuil, 1975.     positions at different points in his work, and this figure is taken from the 1972-3 seminar (S20, 21).  Each discourse is defined by writing the four algebraic symbols in a different position. The symbols always remain in the same order, so each discourse is simply the result of rotating the symbols a quarter turn. The top-left position ('the agent') is the dominant position which defines the discourse. In addition to the four symbols, each algorithm also contains an arrow going from the agent to the other. The four discourses are shown in Figure 3 (taken from Sl7, 31).  In 1971, Lacan proposes that the position of the agent is also the position of the SEMBLANCE. In 1972, Lacan inscribes two arrows in the formulas instead of one; one arrow (which Lacan labels 'impossibility') goes from the agent to the other, and the other arrow (which is labelled 'powerlessness') goes from production to truth (S20, 21).  The discourse of the MASTER iS the basic discourse from which the other three discourses are derived. The dominant position is occupied by the masterDictionary]] signifier (Si), which represents the subject (S) for another signifier or, more precisely, for all other signifiers (S2); however, in this signifying operation there is always a surplus, namely, objet petit a. The point is that all attempts at totalisation are doomed to failure. The discourse of the master 'masks the division of the subject' (Sl7, 118). The discourse also illustrates clearly the structure of the dialectic of the master and the slave. The master (S,) is the agent who puts the slave (S2) (O WOrk; the result of this work is a surplus (a) that the master attempts to appropriate.    Discourse of the master Discourse of the university  SiaS2 S24a        Discourse of the hysteric Discourse of the analyst  SMS, a->S  a S2 S2 Si   Figure 3 The four discourses  Source[[Category: Jacques Lacan, Le SÈminaire. Livre XVIL L'envers de la psychanalyse, ed. Jacques-AlainConcepts]] Miller, Paris[[Category: Seuil, 1975. The discourse of the university is produced by a quarter turn of the discourse of the master (anticlockwise). The dominant position is occupied by knowl- edge (savoir). This illustrates the fact that behind all attempts to impart an apparently 'neutral' knowledge to the other can always be located an attempt  at mastery (mastery of knowledge, and domination of the other to whom this knowledge is imparted). The discourse of the university represents the hege- mony of knowledge, particularly visible in modernity in the form of the hegemony of science.  The discourse of the hysteric is also produced by a quarter turn of the discourse of the master, but in a clockwise direction. It is not simply 'that which is uttered by a hysteric', but a certain kind of social bond in which any subject may be inscribed. The dominant position is occupied by the divided subject, the symptom. This discourse is that which points the way towards knowledge ($17, 23). Psychoanalytic treatment involves 'the structural intro- duction of the discourse of the hysteric by means of artificial conditions'; in other words, the analyst 'hystericises' the patient's discourse (Sl7, 35).  The discourse of the analyst is produced by a quarter turn of the discourse of the hysteric (in the same way as Freud developed psychoanalysis by giving an interpretative turn to the discourse of his hysterical patients). The position of the agent, which is the position occupied by the analyst in the treatment, is occupied by objet petit a; this illustrates the fact that the analyst must, in the  course of the treatment, become the cause of the analysand's desire (Sl7, 41). The fact that this discourse is the inverse of the discourse of the master emphasises that, for Lacan, psychoanalysis is an essentially subversive prac- tice which undermines all attempts at domination and mastery. (For furtherTerms]]information on the four discourses, see Bracher et al., 1994.){{OK}}