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For [[Freud]], [[displacement ]] (a [[primary process]]) means the [[transference ]] of [[physical ]] intensities (1900a, p. 306) along an "associative path," so that strongly cathected [[ideas ]] have their charge displaced onto [[other]], less strongly cathected ones. This process is active in the formation of hysterical or obsessional symptoms, in the dream work, in the production of jokes, and in the transference.

Between 1887 and 1902 This [[process]] is [[active]] in the concept [[formation]] of displacement appeared several times in Freud'[[hysterical]] or [[obsessional]] [[symptom]]s writings (in Drafts K and M in his correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess, in the "Project for a Scientific Psychology" [1950c (1895)[dream work]], and in The Interpretation the production of Dreams [1900a[joke]). It was introduced in connection with his clinical work]s, apropos of the analysis of neurotic symptoms and paranoia. In Draft M (1950a), Freud described the types of displacement that result in compromise-formations. He distinguished "Displacement by association: hysteria.; Displacement by (conceptual) similarity: obsessional neurosis (characteristic of the place at which the defence occurs, and perhaps also of the time).; Causal displacement: paranoia" (p. 252)[[transference]].

In addition, in his search for a model of psychic functioning still informed by Between 1887 and 1902 the scientific thinking and medical research [[concept]] of the time, displacement appeared several [[times]] in [[Freud noted: "Hysterical repression evidently takes place ]]'s writings (in Drafts K and M in his correspondence with the help of symbol-formation, of displacements on to other neurones. We might think[[Wilhelm Fliess]], then, that the riddle resides only in the mechanism of this displacement, and that there is nothing to be explained about repression itself" (1950c [1895[Project]], p. 352). Displacement, at work to for a pathological degree in hysteria, [[Scientific]] [[Psychology]]"is thus probably a primary process[1950c (1895)], since it can easily be demonstrated and in dreams" (Ibid., p. 353[[The Interpretation of Dreams]] [1900a]).

It was introduced in fact Freud's analysis of the dream connection with his [[clinical]] [[work that led him to discover the importance of displacement. He noted in The Interpretation of Dreams that: a) "The consequence ]], apropos of the displacement is that the dream-content no longer resembles the core [[analysis]] of the dream-thoughts [[neurotic]] [[symptom]]s and . . . the dream gives no more than a distortion of the dream-wish which exists in the unconscious" (p. 308); b) Dream distortion can be "traced . . . back to the censorship which is exercised by one psychical agency in the mind over another.... dream-displacement comes about through the influence of the same censorship" (p. 308); and c) "[A[paranoia]] transference and displacement of psychical intensities occurs in the process of dream-formation" (pp. 307-308).

The notion of displacement did not see much further development. In his various revisions to his theories on dreams, Freud focused more on the separation of images from the affects that had been attached to them, on the vicissitudes of these affects Draft M (displacement, conservation, metamorphosis1950a), and on the fate of images (stripped of affect) in relation to the "sensory intensity of the image presented" (1900a, p. 306, n. 1). But it was above all in the process of refining the analysis of the transference during treatment and its different manifestations—lateral, indirect, and direct transference ([[Freud, 1915a; Sandór Ferenczi, 1909/1994; Michel Neyraut, 1974)—that ]] described the notion types of displacement was expanded. It was further explored, too, by such authors as Jacques Lacan (1957/2002; 1958/2002) and Guy Rosolato (1969) who took as their starting point the work of linguists (Ullmann, 1952; Jakobson and Halle, 1956) on the relationship between signifier and signified, and on metonymy (displacement by contiguity) and metaphor (displacement by substitution)that result in compromise-[[formations]].

<blockquote>"Displacement is often linked to substitutionby association: hysteria. Not infrequently, this link is made without an adequate distinction being drawn in temporal terms between substitution where there is an immediate exchange based on the disavowal of one of the two poles involved Displacement by (perceptual, hallucinatory, or [[conceptual substitutions]])similarity: obsessional [[neurosis]] (characteristic of the [[place]] at which the [[defence]] occurs, and substitution where deferred action comes into playperhaps also of the [[time]]).; Causal displacement: paranoia."<ref>p.252</ref></blockquote>

See also: Actual neurosis/defense neurosis; Amphimixia/amphimixis; <blockquote>"Analysis Hysterical [[repression]] evidently takes place with the [[help]] of a Phobia in a Five[[symbol]]-year-old Boy (little Hans)"; Cathexis; Day's residues; Defense mechanisms; Dream symbolism; Dream work; Ego and the Mechanisms of Defenceformation, The; Forgetting; Hysteria; Interpretation of dreams; Interpretation of Dreamsdisplacements on to other neurones. We might [[think]], The; Jokes; Latent; Masculinity/femininity; Metonymy; Myths; Neurotic defenses; Obsessional neurosis; Over-determination; Phobias in children; Primary process/secondary process; "Project for a Scientific Psychologythen, A"; Signifier/signified; "Splitting of that the Ego riddle resides only in the Processes [[mechanism]] of Defencethis displacement, Theand that there is [[nothing]] to be explained [[about]] repression itself"; Substitutive formation; Symbolization(1950c [1895], process of; Symptom-formation; Unconscious, thep.Bibliography352</blockquote>

* FerencziDisplacement, Sándor. (1909). Introjection and transference. In Final contribution at work to the problems and methods of psychoanalysis Michael Balint (Ed.). London: Karnac Books. * Freuda pathological degree in hysteria, Sigmund. (1900a). The interpretation of dreams. Part 1"is thus probably a primary process, SE, 4: 1-338; Part 2, SE, 5: 339-625. * ——. (1915a). Observations on transference love (Further recommendations on the technique of psychoanalysis III). SE, 12: 157-71. * ——. (1950a since it can easily be demonstrated in [1887-1902]), Extracts from the Fliess papers. SE, 1: 173-280. * ——. (1950c [1895dreams]). Project for a scientific psychology. SE, 1: 295-391. * ——. (1985c [1887-1904]). The complete letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904" ( Jeffrey MIbid. Masson, Ed. and Transp.353). Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press. * Jakobson, Roman, and Halle, Morris. (1956). Fundamentals of language (4th ed.). The Hague, New York: Mouton. * Lacan, Jacques. (2002). The agency of the letter in the unconscious or reason since Freud. InÉcrits: A selection (Bruce Fink, Trans.). New York: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1957) * ——. (2002). The signification of the phallus. InÉcrits: A selection (Bruce Fink, Trans.). New York: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1958 * Neyraut, Michel. (1974). Le transfert. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. * Rosolato, Guy. (1969). Essais sur le symbolique. Paris: Gallimard. * Ullmann, Stephen. (1952). Précis de sémantique française. Bern: Francke.

He noted in [[The Interpretation of Dreams]] that:  a) <blockquote>"The consequence of the displacement is that the dream-[[content]] no longer resembles the core of the dream-[[thoughts]] and . . . the dream gives no more than a [[distortion]] of the dream-[[wish]] which [[exists]] in the unconscious" (p. 308);</blockquote>  b)  [[Dream]] distortion can be  <blockquote>"traced . . . back to the censorship which is exercised by one [[psychical]] [[agency]] in the [[mind]] over [[another]].... dream-displacement comes about through the influence of the same censorship" (p. 308); and </blockquote> c)  <blockquote>"[A] transference and displacement of psychical intensities occurs in the process of dream-formation" (pp. 307-308).</blockquote>  The [[notion]] of [[displacement]] did not see much further [[development]].  In his various revisions to his theories on [[dream]]s, [[Freud]] focused more on the [[separation]] of [[image]]s from the [[affect]]s that had been attached to [[them]], on the vicissitudes of these affects ([[displacement]], conservation, metamorphosis), and on the fate of [[images]] (stripped of [[affect]]) in relation to the "sensory intensity of the image presented."<ref>1900a, p. 306, n. 1</ref>  But it was above all in the process of refining the analysis of [[The Transference|the transference]] during [[treatment]] and its different manifestations—lateral, indirect, and direct transference<ref>Freud, 1915a; Sandór Ferenczi, 1909/1994; Michel Neyraut, 1974</ref> — that the notion of [[displacement]] was expanded.  It was further explored, too, by such authors as [[Jacques Lacan]] (1957/2002; 1958/2002) and Guy Rosolato (1969) who took as their starting point the work of [[linguists]] (Ullmann, 1952; Jakobson and Halle, 1956) on the [[relationship]] between [[signifier]] and [[signified]], and on [[metonymy]] ([[displacement]] by [[contiguity]]) and [[metaphor]] ([[displacement]] by [[substitution]]). [[Displacement]] is often linked to [[substitution]].  Not infrequently, this link is made without an adequate [[distinction]] [[being]] drawn in [[temporal]] [[terms]] between [[substitution]] where there is an immediate [[exchange]] based on the [[disavowal]] of one of the two poles involved (perceptual, [[hallucinatory]], or conceptual substitutions), and [[substitution]] where deferred [[action]] comes into play.  ==newMore==

 The mechanism of [[displacement ]] detaches the [affect]] or emotional charge of an [[unconscious ]] [[idea ]] and ransfers it to a less intense idea which is linked to the first by a [[chain ]] of associations[[association]]s. Both [[condensation ]] and [[displacement ]] can also be observed in other [[unconscious ]] formations sch as symptoms[[symptom]]s; they are also an important feature of jokes[[joke]]s. Following [[Jakobson]] [[Lacan ]] likens condensatin and [[displacement ]] to the [[linguistic ]] mechanisms of [[metaphor]] and [[metonymy]].

[[Displacement ]] is one of the methods by which the [[repressed ]] returns in hidden ways.  For example, in dreams [[dream]]s the [[affect ]] (emotions) associated with threatening impulses are often transferred elsewhere (displaced), so that, for example, apparently trivial elements in the [[manifest ]] dream seem to [[cause ]] extraordinary distress while "what was the [[essence ]] of the dream-thoughts finds only passing and indistinct [[representation ]] in the dream." (<ref>"New Introductory Lectures" 22.21). </ref>  For [[Freud]], "[[Displacement ]] is the [[principle ]] means used in the dream-distortion to which the dream-thoughts must submit under the influence of the [[censorship]]." (<ref>"New Introductory Lectures" 22.21). </ref> The same sort of [[displacement ]] can occur in [[symptom-formation. The other method whereby the repressed hides itself is condensation]].

 [[Category:Sigmund FreudPsychoanalysis]]