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For [[Freud]], [[displacement]] (a [[primary process]]) means the [[transference]] of [[physical ]] intensities (1900a, p. 306) along an "associative path," so that strongly cathected [[ideas ]] have their charge displaced onto [[other]], less strongly cathected ones.

This [[process ]] is [[active ]] in the [[formation ]] of [[hysterical ]] or [[obsessional symptoms]] [[symptom]]s, in the [[dream work]], in the production of jokes[[joke]]s, and in the [[transference]].

Between 1887 and 1902 the [[concept ]] of displacement appeared several [[times ]] in [[Freud]]'s writings (in Drafts K and M in his correspondence with [[Wilhelm Fliess]], in the "[[Project ]] for a [[Scientific ]] [[Psychology]]" [1950c (1895)], and in [[The Interpretation of Dreams ]] [1900a]).

It was introduced in connection with his [[clinical ]] [[work]], apropos of the [[analysis ]] of [[neurotic symptoms ]] [[symptom]]s and [[paranoia]].

In Draft M (1950a), [[Freud ]] described the types of displacement that result in compromise-[[formations]].

He distinguished <blockquote>"Displacement by association: hysteria.Displacement by ([[conceptual]]) similarity: obsessional [[neurosis]] (characteristic of the [[place]] at which the [[defence]] occurs, and perhaps also of the [[time]]).; Causal displacement: paranoia."<ref>p. 252</ref></blockquote>

Displacement In addition, in his [[search]] for a [[model]] of [[psychic]] functioning still informed by (conceptual) similarity: obsessional neurosis (characteristic of the place at which the defence occurs, scientific [[thinking]] and perhaps also medical research of the time).; Causal displacement, [[Freud]] noted: paranoia" (p. 252).

In addition<blockquote>"Hysterical [[repression]] evidently takes place with the [[help]] of [[symbol]]-formation, of displacements on to other neurones. We might [[think]], then, that the riddle resides only in his search for a model the [[mechanism]] of psychic functioning still informed by the scientific thinking this displacement, and medical research of the timethat there is [[nothing]] to be explained [[about]] repression itself" (1950c [1895], Freud noted: p. 352</blockquote>

<blockquote>"Hysterical repression evidently takes place with the help of symbol-formationDisplacement, of displacements on at work to other neurones. We might think, then, that the riddle resides only a pathological degree in the mechanism of this displacementhysteria, and that there "is nothing to thus probably a primary process, since it can easily be explained about repression itselfdemonstrated in [[dreams]]" (1950c [1895]Ibid., p. 352</blockquote>353).

It was He noted in fact Freud's analysis [[The Interpretation of the dream work Dreams]] that led him to discover the importance of displacement. :

He noted in The Interpretation of Dreams that:  a)  <blockquote>"The consequence of the displacement is that the dream-[[content ]] no longer resembles the core of the dream-[[thoughts ]] and . . . the dream gives no more than a [[distortion ]] of the dream-[[wish ]] which [[exists ]] in the unconscious" (p. 308);</blockquote>

[[Dream ]] distortion can be

<blockquote>"traced . . . back to the censorship which is exercised by one [[psychical ]] [[agency ]] in the [[mind ]] over [[another]].... dream-displacement comes about through the influence of the same censorship" (p. 308); and </blockquote>

The notion In his various revisions to his theories on [[dream]]s, [[Freud]] focused more on the [[separation]] of [[image]]s from the [[affect]]s that had been attached to [[them]], on the vicissitudes of these affects ([[displacement did not see much further development]], conservation, metamorphosis), and on the fate of [[images]] (stripped of [[affect]]) in relation to the "sensory intensity of the image presented."<ref>1900a, p. 306, n. 1</ref>

In his various revisions to his theories on dreams, Freud focused more on But it was above all in the process of refining the separation analysis of images from [[The Transference|the affects that had been attached to themtransference]] during [[treatment]] and its different manifestations—lateral, indirect, on the vicissitudes of these affects (displacementand direct transference<ref>Freud, conservation1915a; Sandór Ferenczi, metamorphosis)1909/1994; Michel Neyraut, and on 1974</ref> — that the fate notion of images (stripped of affect) in relation to the "sensory intensity of the image presented" (1900a, p. 306, n. 1)[[displacement]] was expanded.

But it It was above all in the process of refining the analysis of the transference during treatment and its different manifestations—lateralfurther explored, indirecttoo, by such authors as [[Jacques Lacan]] (1957/2002; 1958/2002) and direct transference Guy Rosolato (1969) who took as their starting point the work of [[linguists]] (FreudUllmann, 1915a1952; Sandór FerencziJakobson and Halle, 1909/1994; Michel Neyraut1956) on the [[relationship]] between [[signifier]] and [[signified]], 1974and on [[metonymy]] ([[displacement]] by [[contiguity]])—that the notion of and [[metaphor]] ([[displacement was expanded]] by [[substitution]]).

It was further explored, too, by such authors as Jacques Lacan (1957/2002; 1958/2002) and Guy Rosolato (1969) who took as their starting point the work of linguists (Ullmann, 1952; Jakobson and Halle, 1956) on the relationship between signifier and signified, and on metonymy (displacement by contiguity) and metaphor (displacement by [[Displacement]] is often linked to [[substitution)]].

Displacement is often linked to substitution.  Not infrequently, this link is made without an adequate [[distinction ]] [[being ]] drawn in [[temporal ]] [[terms ]] between [[substitution ]] where there is an immediate [[exchange ]] based on the [[disavowal ]] of one of the two poles involved (perceptual, [[hallucinatory]], or conceptual substitutions), and [[substitution ]] where deferred [[action ]] comes into play.

The mechanism of [[displacement ]] detaches the [affect]] or emotional charge of an [[unconscious ]] [[idea ]] and ransfers it to a less intense idea which is linked to the first by a [[chain ]] of associations[[association]]s.

Both [[condensation ]] and [[displacement ]] can also be observed in other [[unconscious ]] formations sch as symptoms[[symptom]]s; they are also an important feature of jokes[[joke]]s.

Following [[Jakobson]] [[Lacan ]] likens condensatin and [[displacement ]] to the [[linguistic ]] mechanisms of [[metaphor]] and [[metonymy]].

[[Displacement ]] is one of the methods by which the [[repressed ]] returns in hidden ways.

For example, in dreams [[dream]]s the [[affect ]] (emotions) associated with threatening impulses are often transferred elsewhere (displaced), so that, for example, apparently trivial elements in the [[manifest ]] dream seem to [[cause ]] extraordinary distress while "what was the [[essence ]] of the dream-thoughts finds only passing and indistinct [[representation ]] in the dream." (<ref>"New Introductory Lectures" 22.21). </ref>

For [[Freud]], "[[Displacement ]] is the [[principle ]] means used in the dream-distortion to which the dream-thoughts must submit under the influence of the [[censorship]]." (<ref>"New Introductory Lectures" 22.21). </ref>

The same sort of [[displacement ]] can occur in [[symptom-formation. The other method whereby the repressed hides itself is condensation]].

* [[Actual neurosis/defense neurosis; Amphimixia/amphimixis; ]]* "[[Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy (little ]]"* [[Little Hans)"; ]]* [[Cathexis; Day's residues; ]]* [[Defense mechanisms; ]]* [[Dream symbolism; ]]* [[Dream work; ]]* [[The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence, The; ]]* [[Forgetting; ]]* [[Hysteria; ]]* [[Interpretation of dreams; ]]* [[The Interpretation of Dreams, The; ]]* [[Jokes; ]]* [[Latent; ]]* [[Masculinity/femininity; ]]* [[Metonymy; ]]* [[Myths; ]]* [[Neurotic defenses; ]]* [[Obsessional neurosis; ]]* [[Over-determination; ]]* [[Phobias in children; ]]* [[Primary process/secondary process; ]]* "[[A Project for a Scientific Psychology, A]]"; * [[Signifier]]/[[signified; ]]* "[[The Splitting of the Ego in the Processes of Defence, The]]"; * [[Substitutive formation; ]]* [[Symbolization, process of; ]]* [[Symptom-formation; ]]* [[Unconscious, the.]]

* [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1900a). The [[interpretation ]] of dreams. Part 1, SE, 4: 1-338; Part 2, SE, 5: 339-625.* ——. (1915a). Observations on transference [[love ]] (Further recommendations on the [[technique ]] of psychoanalysis III). SE, 12: 157-71.* ——. (1950a [1887-1902]), Extracts from the [[Fliess ]] papers. SE, 1: 173-280.

* ——. (1985c [1887-1904]). The [[complete ]] letters of [[Sigmund Freud ]] to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904( Jeffrey M. Masson, Ed. and Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard [[University ]] Press.* Jakobson, Roman, and Halle, Morris. (1956). Fundamentals of [[language ]] (4th ed.). The [[Hague]], New York: Mouton.* [[Lacan, Jacques]]. (2002). The agency of the [[letter ]] in the unconscious or [[reason ]] since Freud. InÉcrits: A selection ([[Bruce Fink]], Trans.). New York: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1957)* ——. (2002). The [[signification ]] of the [[phallus]]. In [[Écrits]]: A selection (Bruce Fink, Trans.). New York: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1958

 [[Category:Sigmund FreudPsychoanalysis]]