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==Sigmund Freud==
===Theory of Human Sexuality===
[[Freud]]'s concept of the [[drive]] is central to his theory of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the sexual life of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are contingent on the life history of the [[subject]].
==Jacques Lacan==
===Instinct and Drive===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian distinction between ''[[Trieb]]'' ('[[drive]]') and ''[[Instinkt]]'' ('[[instinct]]'), and criticizes James Strachey for obliterating this distinction by translating both terms as "[[instinct]]" in the ''[[Standard Edition]]''.<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
Whereas "[[instinct]]" denotes a mythical [[linguistic|pre-linguistic ]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
===The Aim of the Drive===The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
[[Lacan]] argues that the purpose of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''goal'' ( a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
Thus the real purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of full [[satisfaction]], but to return to its circular path, and the real source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement ]] of this closed circuit.
==MoreCultural and Symbolic Construct==[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements, : the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural ]] and [[symbolic ]] construct.
[[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s work to energetics and hydraulics.
[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the drive in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.
# The passive voice (e.g. to be seen)
The first of these two times (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they lack a [[subject]].
Only in the third time (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was no subject).
The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to transgress the [[pleasure principle]].
# [[FreudLacan]] argued rejects the idea that sexuality the partial drives can ever attain any complete organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is composed of always a number of partial drives (highly precarious affair.: He thus challenges the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after [[GerFreud]]. ''Partieltrieb'') such as the oral , of a genital drive and in which the anal drive, each specified by a different source (partial drives are completely integrated in a different erotogenic zone)harmonious relation.
# [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the sense that thy are parts of a whole (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent the reproductive function of sexuality but only the dimension of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>
===Four Partial Drives===
[[Lacan]] identifies four partial drives: the oral drive, the anal drive, the scopic drive, and the invocatory drive.
Each of these drives is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different erogenous zone.
The first two drives relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]].
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This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the fading of the [[subject]] before the insistence of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.
==MoreDualism of the Drive=====Sigmund Freud=======Life and Death Drives====
Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic dualism.
At first this dualism was conceived in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drives drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drives drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation ]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other.
This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that th the [[drive|ego-drives drive]]s are themselves sexual.
He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drives drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todostriebe]]'').
==More=Jacques Lacan=======Symbolic and Imaginary====
[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref>
Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are sexual drives, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>
==MoreDrive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it exists) finds its form on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref>
==See Also==* [[Biology]]* [[Death drive]]* [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the * [[driveInstinct]]* [[Pleasure principle]]* [[Sexuality]]s are partial manifestations of * [[desireSubject]].
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
