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Drive

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{{Top}}pulsion]]''; [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
==Drive and Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s concept of the [[drive]] is central to his theory of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].THE DRIVE
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the sexual life of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are contingent on the life history of the [[subject]].
===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian distinction between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN AN INSTINCT AND A DRIVE
Whereas It is crucial to acknowledge the distinction between an [[instinct]] denotes and a mythical [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
====Aim of the Drive====The An [[drive]]s differ from [[biologicalinstinct]] designates a '''[[need]]s in ''' that they can never be [[desire|satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
The examples [[LacanFreud]] argues that the purpose usually gives are those of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]hunger'') is not to reach a and ''goalthirst'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
Thus the real purpose of the These [[driveneed]] is not some mythical goal of full [[satisfaction]], but to return s give rise to its circular path, and an ''excitation'' within the real source of body that can be [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetitiondesire|repetitive movementsatisfied]] of this closed circuitand neutralized.
====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.---
The [[drive]] , on the other hand, cannot therefore be conceived [[desire|satisfied]] and is characterized by the ''constancy'' of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} pthe pressure it exerts on [[consciousness]].162</ref>
It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] construct.=====Translation=====
The [[LacanStandard Edition]] thus empties the concept of the [[driveSigmund Freud:Bibliography|works]] of [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] fails to reister the lingering references in important distinction he makes between '''''[[FreudInstinkt]]'s work to energetics '''' and hydraulics'''''[[Trieb]]'''''.
==The Circuit of the Drive==
[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.
In this circut, [[Freud]] normally uses the word '''''[[driveInstinkt]] originates in an ''''' to refer to a relatively fixed set of behavioral patterns triggered by external stimuli; [[erogenous zoneinstinct]]s are characteristic of [[nature|animals]], and are [[biology|biologically]] defined.<ref>{{F}} (1915a) "Instincts and their Vicissitudes." [[SE]] XIV; ''Penguin Freud Library'' XI</ref>
This circuit Unlike an [[instinct]] a [[drive]] or '''''[[Trieb]]''''' (from the verb ''tereiben'', "to push") does not have a preordained goal and is structured characterized by the three grammatical voicespressure it exerts within the [[psyche]].
# The active voice (eaims or goals of [[drive]]s ar eextremely variable and are strongly influenced by the history of the individual.g. to see)
# The reflexive voice A [[drive]] is characterized by its source (e.g. a physical stimulus or erogenous zone), its aim (the elimination of the tension caused by stimulation) and its object (anything that enables it to see oneselffulfil its aim).
# The passive voice (e[[Freud]]'s theory of [[drive]]s is dualistic, and a distinction is made beween ego-drives , whcih are directed towards self-preservation, and sexual drives.g. to be seen)
===Activity In his later work, Freud introduces a further distinction between life-drives and Passivity===The first of these two times (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they lack a [[subject]]the death drive.
Only in the third time (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was no subject).
Although the third time is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>
The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to transgress the [[pleasure principle]].
==The Partial Nature of the Drives==
[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a number of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different erotogenic zone).
At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "polymorphous perversity" of children), but in puberty they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the genital organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>
===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial nature of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:----
# [[Lacan]] rejects the idea that the partial drives can ever attain any complete organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
: He thus challenges The model of the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after [[Freud]]Freudian drive is libido - sexual energy - or what is also translated as 'wish' or 'desire'. According to Laplanche and Leclaire, it is the introduction of the drive into the sphere of need that marks the distinction between a genital need and desire: 'the drive in which introduces into the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious relation.sphere of need an
# [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the sense that thy are parts of a whole (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent the reproductive function of sexuality but only the dimension of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>
----
===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] identifies four partial drives: the [[trieb tends to be trasnalted as drive|oral drive]], as this is the [[drive|anal drive]], closest equivalent to the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]]french ''pulsion''.
Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].----
The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]].
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>
! align="center" | !! align="center" | PARTIAL DRIVE !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | PARTIAL OBJECT !! align="center" | VERB
|-
| align="center" | D
| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck
|-
| align="center" | D
| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit
|-
| align="center" | d
| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see
|-
| align="center" | d
| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear
|}
==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the formula ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]].
This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the fading of the [[subject]] before the insistence of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.  ==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic dualism. At first this dualism was conceived in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other. This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todostriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an oppositio between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual driveinstinct]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>  ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it exists) finds its form on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is not merely another name for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects usually translated in which [desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]]. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Death drive]]* [[Demand]]||* [[Desire]]* [[Instinct]]* [[Need]]||* [[Pleasure principle]]* [[Sexuality]]* [[Subject]]{{Also}} ==References==<references/> [[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Science]][[Category:Real]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]]{{OK}} __NOTOC__English
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