Changes

==Drive and Instinct====Instinct and Drive=Sigmund Freud===For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of 's [[humanconcept]] of the [[sexualitydrive]] -- as opposed to the sexual life of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship central to an his [[objecttheory]] -- but by the of [[drivehuman]]s -- which differ from [[instinctsexuality]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are contingent on ; it lies at the life history heart of his theory of the [[subjectsexuality]].

==Jacques Lacan==For [[LacanFreud]] insists on maintaining , the distinctive feature of [[Freudhuman]]ian distinction between ''[[Triebsexuality]]'' ('-- as opposed to the [[drivesexual]]') and ''[[Instinktlife]]'' ('of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]]'), -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and criticizes James Strachey for obliterating this distinction innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by translating both terms as "the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]" s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the ''life [[Standard Editionhistory]] of the [[subject]]''.<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>

Whereas "===Jacques Lacan===[[instinctLacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]" denotes a mythical pre-linguistic ian [[needdistinction]], the between [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of and [[biologyinstinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>

The Whereas [[driveinstinct]] denotes a [[mythical]]s differ from [[biologicallinguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]]s in that they can never be satisfied, and do not aim at an the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[objectbiology]] but rather circle perpetually round it.

====Aim of the Drive====The [[Lacandrive]] argues s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that the purpose of the they can never be [[drivesatisfied]] (''Triebziel'') is , and do not to reach a ''goal'' ( a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the at an [[object]]but rather circle perpetually round it.<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>

Thus [[Lacan]] argues that the real [[purpose ]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not some mythical to reach a ''[[goal of full satisfaction, ]]'' (a final destination) but to return to follow its circular path''aim'' (the way itself), and which is to circle round the real source of [[enjoymentobject]] is the repetitive movement of this closed circuit.<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>

==More==Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements, : the pressure, the end, the object and the source.

It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural ]] and [[symbolic ]] [[construct]].

[[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work ]] to energetics and hydraulics.

==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive ]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.

This circuit is [[structured ]] by the [[three ]] [[grammatical ]] voices.

# The [[active ]] [[voice ]] (e.g. to see)

# The [[passive ]] voice (e.g. to be seen) ===Activity and Passivity===The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].  Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]). Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen." Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref> The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].

==The first Partial Nature of these two times the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] (active [[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and reflexive voicesthe [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone) are autoerotic; they lack a subject.

Only in the third time At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the passive voice"[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), when but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[drivegenital]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was no subject)organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>

Although the third time is the passive voice, ===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]] is always essentially actives, which is why but differs from [[LacanFreud]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."on two points:

Even supposedly "passive" phases # [[Lacan]] rejects the [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair. : He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[drivepsychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]] such as , of a [[masochismgenital drive]] involve in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[activityharmonious]]relation.<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>

The circuit of # [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]] is s are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only way for [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[subjectreproductive]] to transgress function of sexuality but only the [[pleasure principledimension]]of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>

===The Four Partial Drives===[[FreudLacan]] argued that sexuality is composed of a number of [[identifies]] four partial drives (: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[Gerdrive|anal drive]]. ''Partieltrieb'') such as , the oral [[drive|scopic drive ]], and the anal [[drive|invocatory drive, each specified by a different source (a different erotogenic zone)]].

|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive| PARTIAL DRIVE ]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object| PARTIAL OBJECT ]] !! align="center" | VERB

This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|right|Table subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[subject]] before the [[insistence]] of partial drivesa [[demand]]that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.

[[Lacan]] emphasizes ==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the partial nature various reformulations of all drive-theory in [[driveFreud]]'swork, but differs from one constant feature is a basic [[Freuddualism]] on two points:.

This opposition was problematized by [[LacanFreud]] rejects 's growing realization, in the idea that the partial drives can ever attain any complete organization or fusionperiod 1914-20, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair[[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual.

He was thus challenges led to reconceptualize the dualism of the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after [[Freuddrive]], s in terms of a genital an opposition between the [[drive|life drive in which ]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious relation[[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]'').

===TwoJacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref>

However, [[Lacan]] argues that prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[drivesymbolic]] and the [[imaginary]]s are partial, and not in the sense that thy are parts terms of an opposition between different kinds of a whole (a 'genital [[drive'), but in the sense that they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent the reproductive function of sexuality but only the dimension of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p]]s.204</ref>

[[LacanDesire]] identifies four partial drives: the oral driveis one and undivided, whereas the anal [[drive, the scopic drive, and the invocatory drive. Each ]]s are partial manifestations of these drives is specified by a different [[partial objectdesire]] and a different erogenous zone.

==MoreSee Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Death drive]]* [[Demand]]||* [[Desire]]* [[Instinct]]* [[Need]]||* [[Pleasure principle]]* [[Sexuality]]* [[Subject]]{{Also}}

The first two drives relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]]. ==MoreReferences== In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the formula ('''S''' <> D) as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]]. This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the fading of the [[subject]] before the insistence of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it. =div style=More== Throughout the various reformulations of drive"font-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic dualism. At first this dualism was conceived in terms of an opposition between the sexual drives (''Sexualtriebe'') on the one hand, and the ego-drives (''Ichtriebe'') or drives of self-preservation (''Selbsterhaltungstriebe'') on the other. This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that th ego-drives are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the life drives (''Lebenstriebe'') and the [[death drive]]s (''Todostriebe''). size:11px" class==More== [[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.<ref>{{S1}} p.118"references-20</refsmall"> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an oppositio between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are sexual drives, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848<references/ref> ==More== The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the genital drive, which (if it exists) finds its form on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</refdiv> However, the [[drive]] is not merley anothe rname for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]].