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 {{Top}}| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''; |-| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}

==Sigmund FreudDrive and Instinct=====Human SexualitySigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[concept ]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory ]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].

===Instinct and Drive===For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual ]] [[life ]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship ]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent ]] on the life [[history ]] of the [[subject]].

===Jacques Lacan=====Instinct and Drive===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction ]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>

Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical ]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].

===The =Aim of the Drive====

[[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose ]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref> Thus the real purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of full [[satisfaction]], but to return to its circular path, and the real source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit.

====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====

It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]]. [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics.

===The Drive's Circuit======The Circuit of the Drive=======Three Grammatical Voices====[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive ]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.

This circuit is [[structured ]] by the [[three ]] [[grammatical ]] voices.

# The [[active ]] [[voice ]] (e.g. to see)

# The [[passive ]] voice (e.g. to be seen)

====The Activity/and Passivity of the Drive====The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].

The first of these two times Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (active and reflexive voicesthe passive voice) are autoerotic; they lack , when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).

Only in Although the [[third time (]] is the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuitis always essentially active, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say why [[Lacan]] writes that before this the third time, there was no subject)not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."

Although the third time is the Even supposedly "passive voice, " phases of the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why such as [[Lacanmasochism]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seeninvolve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p."200</ref>

Even supposedly "passive" phases The circuit of the [[drive]] such as is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[masochismtransgress]] involve the [[activitypleasure principle]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>

==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number ]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic ]] zone).

At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the '"[[polymorphous perversity' ]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty ]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital ]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>

: He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[LacanFreud]] emphasizes the partial nature , of all a [[genital drive]]s, but differs from in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[Freudharmonious]] on two points:relation.

# [[Lacan]] rejects the idea argues that the [[drive]]s are partial drives can ever attain any complete organization or fusion, aruging not in the [[sense]] that the priamcy thy are parts of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.: He thus challenges the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after [[Freudwhole]], of (a 'genital drive '), but in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious relationsense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>

===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] [[identifies ]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]].

Each of these drives [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].

The first two drives [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]].

|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive| PARTIAL DRIVE ]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object| PARTIAL OBJECT ]] !! align="center" | VERB

==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]]. This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading ]] of the [[subject]] before the [[insistence ]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it. 

==The Dualism of the DriveDrives=====Sigmund Freud=======: Life and Death Drives====Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]].

At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms ]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other.

He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|TodostriebeTodestriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan=======Symbolic and Imaginary====

===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic ]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref>

However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an oppositio opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s.

Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drivesdrive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>

The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form ]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref>

However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another ]] [[name ]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized.