THE DRIVE{| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''|-| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN AN INSTINCT AND A DRIVE==Drive and Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
It For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is crucial that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to acknowledge an [[object]] -- but by the distinction between an [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]] s in that they are extremely variable, and a develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[drivesubject]].
An ===Jacques Lacan===[[instinctLacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] designates a '''between [[needdrive]]''' that can be and [[desire|satisfiedinstinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
The examples Whereas [[Freudinstinct]] usually gives are those denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of ''hunger'' and ''thirst''[[biology]].
These ====Aim of the Drive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s give rise to an ''excitation'' within the body in that they can never be [[desire|satisfied]] , and neutralizeddo not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
---[[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
The Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], on the other handbut to [[return]] to its circular path, cannot be and [[desireThe Real|satisfiedthe real]] source of [[enjoyment]] and is characterized by the ''constancy'' of the pressure it exerts on [[consciousnessrepetition|repetitive movement]]of this closed circuit.
=====Translation=Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
The [[Standard Editiondrive]] cannot therefore be conceived of the [[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|works]] of [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] fails to reister the important distinction he makes between '''''[[Instinkt]]''''' and '''''[[Trieb]]'''''as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]].
[[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics.
[[Freud]] normally uses the word '''''[[Instinkt]]''''' to refer to a relatively fixed set of behavioral patterns triggered by external stimuli; [[instinct]]s are characteristic of [[nature|animals]], and are [[biology|biologically]] defined.<ref>{{F}} (1915a) "Instincts and their Vicissitudes." [[SE]] XIV; ''Penguin Freud Library'' XI</ref>
Unlike an ==The Circuit of the Drive==[[instinctLacan]] a incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] or '''''in his theory of the [[Triebdrive]]''''' (from the verb ''tereiben'', "to push") does not have a preordained goal and is characterized by the pressure it exerts within the [[psyche]]s circuit.
The aims or goals of In this circut, the [[drive]]s ar eextremely variable and are strongly influenced by the history of the individualoriginates in an [[erogenous zone]].
A This circuit is [[drivestructured]] is characterized by its source ( a physical stimulus or erogenous zone), its aim (the elimination of the tension caused by stimulation) and its object (anything that enables it to fulfil its aim)[[three]] [[grammatical]] voices.
# The [[Freudactive]]'s theory of [[drivevoice]]s is dualistic, and a distinction is made beween ego-drives , whcih are directed towards self-preservation, and sexual drives(e.g. to see)
In his later work, Freud introduces a further distinction between life-drives and the death drive# The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
# The [[passive]] voice (e.g. to be seen)
===Activity and Passivity===
The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].
Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).
Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>
The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].
----==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone).
At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref>
The model of the Freudian drive is libido - sexual energy - or what is also translated as 'wish' or 'desire'. According to Laplanche ===Differences between Freud and Leclaire, it is Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the introduction partial [[nature]] of the all [[drive into the sphere of need that marks the distinction between a need and desire]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points: 'the drive introduces into the sphere of need an
# [[Lacan]] rejects the [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
----: He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation.
trieb tends to be trasnalted as # [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, as this is not in the closest equivalent to the french ''pulsion[[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>
----
===The Four Partial Drives===
[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]].
Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].
The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]].
The {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]]|| align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}
==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]]. This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[subject]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it. ==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]]. At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[instinctdrive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other. This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref> ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is usually translated not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in Englishwhich [[desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]]. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Death drive]]* [[Demand]]||* [[Desire]]* [[Instinct]]* [[Need]]||* [[Pleasure principle]]* [[Sexuality]]* [[Subject]]{{Also}} ==References==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small"><references/></div> [[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Science]][[Category:Real]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]]{{OK}} __NOTOC__
