THE DRIVE
{| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa"
| [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''
|-
| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
==Drive and Instinct==
===Sigmund Freud===
[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[subject]].
===Jacques Lacan===
[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
SIGMUND FREUDWhereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
HUMAN SEXUALITY====Aim of the Drive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
[[FreudLacan]] argues that the [[purpose]]'s concept of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is central not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to his [[Sigmund Freudreturn]] to its circular path, and [[The Real|theory the real]] source of human sexuality[[enjoyment]]lies at is the heart of his [[Sigmund Freudrepetition|theory of human sexualityrepetitive movement]]of this closed circuit.
HUMAN SEXUALITY - INSTINCT AND DRIVE====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[Sigmund Freud|sexual life]] of other It is a thoroughly [[natureculture|animalscultural]] -- is that it is not regulated by any and [[instinctsymbolic]] but by the [[driveconstruct]]s.
For [[FreudLacan]], thus empties the distinctive feature concept of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[Sigmund Freud|sexual lifedrive]] of other [[nature|animals]] -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship to an [[object]] -- but by the lingering references in [[driveFreud]]'s -- which differ from [[instinctwork]]s in that they are extremely variable, to energetics and develop in ways which are contingent on the life history of the [[subject]]hydraulics.
FIXEDNESS AND VARIABILITY - INSTINCT AND DRIVE==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit.
The concept of In this circut, the The '''''[[Instinktdrive]]'''''The originates in an [[instincterogenous zone]].
implies a relatively ''This circuit is [[instinct|fixedstructured]]'' and ''by the [[nature|innatethree]]'' relationship to an [[objet (petit) a|objectgrammatical]] -- voices.
# The concept of The '''''[[Triebactive]]'''''The [[drivevoice]](e.g. to see)
differs from an [[instinct]] # The reflexive voice ([[biology|biological]] [[need]]se.g. to see oneself) in that it
is extremely ''variable''# The [[passive]] voice (e.g. to be seen)
===Activity and Passivity===The first of these two [[development|developstimes]] in ways which (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[time|contingentlack]] on the life history of the a [[subject]].
Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).
Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
DESIRE AND SATISFACTION - INSTINCT AND DRIVEEven supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>
The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].
The concept of
The '''''[[Trieb]]'''''
The [[drive]]
==The Partial Nature of the Drives==
[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone).
differs from an At first these component [[instinctdrive]] s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[biology|biologicalpolymorphous perversity]] " of [[needchildren]]s) , but in that it[[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</theyref>
can never be ===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[desire|satisfieddrive]] ands, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:
do not aim at an # [[objet (petit) a|objectLacan]] rejects the [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] but merely ''circle perpetually around it''organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
: He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation.
# [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>
THE AIM OF THE DRIVE
===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] argues that [[identifies]] four partial drives: the purpose of [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]] ('', the [[Triebzieldrive|scopic drive]]'') is not to reach a ''goal'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round and the [[objectdrive|invocatory drive]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
Thus the real purpose Each of the these [[drive]] s is not some mythical goal of full specified by a different [[satisfactionpartial object]], but to return to its circular path, and the real source of [[enjoyment]] is the a different [[repetition|repetitive movementerogenous zone]] of this closed circuit.
The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]].
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>
! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB
|-
| align="center" | D
| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck
|-
| align="center" | D
| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit
|-
| align="center" | d
| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see
|-
| align="center" | d
| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear
|}
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN AN INSTINCT AND A DRIVE
It is crucial to acknowledge ==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the distinction between an [[instinctgraph of desire]] and a , [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]].
An This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[instinctsubject]] designates before the [[insistence]] of a '''[[needdemand]]''' that can be persists without any [[conscious]] [[desire|satisfiedintention]]to sustain it.
The examples [[Freud]] usually gives are those of ''hunger'' and ''thirst''.
These ==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[needFreud]]'s give rise to an ''excitation'' within the body that can be work, one constant feature is a basic [[desire|satisfieddualism]] and neutralized.
At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self--preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other.
The This opposition was problematized by [[driveFreud]]'s growing realization, on in the other handperiod 1914-20, cannot be that the [[desiredrive|satisfied]] and is characterized by the ''constancy'' of the pressure it exerts on [[consciousnessego-drive]]s are themselves sexual.
=====Translation=====He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]'').
The ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Standard EditionLacan]] of the argues that it is important to retain [[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|works]] 's dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Sigmund Freud|FreudJung]] fails to reister the important distinction he makes between ''''', who argued that all [[Instinktpsychic]]''''' and '''''forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[Triebenergy]]'''''.<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref>
However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s.
Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>
==Drive and Desire==The [[Freuddrive]] normally uses the word '''''s are closely related to [[Instinktdesire]]''''' to refer to a relatively fixed set ; both originate in the field of behavioral patterns triggered by external stimuli; the [[instinctsubject]]s are characteristic of , as opposed to the [[naturedrive|animalsgenital drive]], and are which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[biology|biologicallyOther]] defined.<ref>{{FS11}} (1915a) "Instincts and their Vicissitudesp." [[SE]] XIV; ''Penguin Freud Library'' XI189</ref>
Unlike an However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[instinctanother]] a [[drivename]] or '''''for [[Triebdesire]]''''' (from the verb ''tereiben'', "to push") does not have a preordained goal and is characterized by the pressure it exerts within : they are the partial aspects in which [[psychedesire]]is realized.
The aims or goals of [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s ar eextremely variable and are strongly influenced by the history partial manifestations of the individual[[desire]].
A ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Death drive]] is characterized by its source ( a physical stimulus or erogenous zone), its aim (the elimination of the tension caused by stimulation) and its object (anything that enables it to fulfil its aim).* [[Demand]]||* [[Desire]]* [[Instinct]]* [[Need]]||* [[Pleasure principle]]* [[Sexuality]]* [[Subject]]{{Also}}
[[Freud]]'s theory of [[drive]]s is dualistic, and a distinction is made beween ego==References==<div style="font-drives , whcih are directed towards selfsize:11px" class="references-preservation, and sexual drives.small"><references/></div>
In his later work, Freud introduces a further distinction between life-drives and the death drive.[[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Science]][[Category:Real]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]]{{OK}}
---- The model of the Freudian drive is libido - sexual energy - or what is also translated as 'wish' or 'desire'. According to Laplanche and Leclaire, it is the introduction of the drive into the sphere of need that marks the distinction between a need and desire: 'the drive introduces into the sphere of need an ---- trieb tends to be trasnalted as drive, as this is the closest equivalent to the french ''pulsion''. ---- The [[drive]] or [[instinct]] as it is usually translated in English__NOTOC__
