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{{Top}}pulsion]]''; [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
{| align="[[Freudright]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''s theory of the [[drivepulsion]] was revised extensively throughout his career.''|-| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
The ==Drive and Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]], or is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[instinctsexuality]] as ; it is usually translated in English, is a concept that exists on lies at the border between the somatic (bodily) and the mentalheart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[subject]].
===Jacques Lacan===
[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
According to Whereas [[Freudinstinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], there are four characteristics of the [[drive]]: its '''pressure''', its '''aim''', it's '''object''' and its '''source'''.<ref>1984c is completely removed from the realm of [[1915biology]: 118</ref>].
By '''pressure''' Freud means ====Aim of the Drive====The [[drive]]'s motor factor, differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that is to saythey can never be [[satisfied]], "the amount of force or measure of the demand for work which and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it represents."<ref><ref>1984c [1915]: 118</ref>
[[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
Exerting '''pressure''' Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is a characteristic common not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to all [[drivereturn]]s to its circular path, and represents [[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[driverepetition|repetitive movement]]'s essenceof this closed circuit.
The '''aim''' of ====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] is to seek its own satisfaction as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and it achieves this by removing the source of stimulation.
The '''object''' [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of the drive is that which the drive attaches itself to in order to achieve its aimas "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
Freud designates It is a particualrly close attachment between the drive thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and its object as "fixation"[[symbolic]] [[construct]].
Finally, [[Lacan]] thus empties the source concept of the [[drive is "the somatic process which occurs in an organ or part ]] of the body and whose stimulus is represented lingering references in mental life by an instinct."<ref>1984c [1915[Freud]]'s [[work]: 119</ref>] to energetics and hydraulics.
The drive, in short, is something that originates within the body and seeks expression in the psyche as representation.
Freud is primariluy concerned with ==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the aims [[drive]] in his theory of the drives and how they seek satisfaction[[drive]]'s circuit.
-----In this circut, the [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]].
It This circuit is crucial to acknowledge [[structured]] by the distinction between an instinct and a drive[[three]] [[grammatical]] voices.
An instinct designates a need that can be satisfied# The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. to see)
# The examples Freud usually gives are those of hunger and thirstreflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
THese needs give rise # The [[passive]] voice (e.g. to an excitation within the body that can be satisfied and neutralized.seen)
===Activity and Passivity===The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].  Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]). Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen." Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref> The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].  ==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone). At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref> ===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points: # [[Lacan]] rejects the [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair. : He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation. # [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>  ===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]]. Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]]. The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the other handsecond pair relate to [[desire]]. {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}  ==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], cannot [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]]. This formula is to be satisfied read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[subject]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.  ==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is characterized a basic [[dualism]]. At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other. This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''constancy[[death drive|Todestriebe]]'' ). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the pressure [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref> ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it exerts [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[consciousnessdesire]].
==See Also==
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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