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{| align="right" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa"
| [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''; [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
{| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa"
| [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''
|-
| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}
==Sigmund Freud==
[[Freud]]'s [[theory]] of the [[drive]] was revised extensively throughout his career.
==Drive and Instinct==
===Sigmund Freud===
[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
The For [[driveFreud]], or the distinctive feature of [[instincthuman]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is usually translated in English, is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that exists they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the border between life [[history]] of the somatic (bodily) and the mental[[subject]].
===Jacques Lacan===
[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
According to ====Aim of the Drive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[Freudbiological]], there are four characteristics of the [[driveneed]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]]: its '''pressure''', its '''and do not aim''', at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it's '''object''' and its '''source'''.<ref>1984c [1915]: 118</ref>
By [[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'pressure') is not to reach a '' Freud means the [[drivegoal]]'s motor factor' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), that which is to say, "circle round the amount of force or measure of the demand for work which it represents[[object]]."<ref><ref>1984c [1915]: 118{{S11}} p.168</ref>
Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its circular path, and [[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit.
Exerting '''pressure''' is a characteristic common to all ====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[driveFreud]]s and represents defined the [[drive]]'s essenceas a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
The '''aim''' of the [[drive]] is to seek its own satisfaction and it achieves this by removing the source cannot therefore be conceived of stimulationas "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
The '''object''' of the drive It is that which the drive attaches itself to in order to achieve its aima thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]].
Freud designates a particualrly close attachment between [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive ]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and its object as "fixation"hydraulics.
Finally, the source of the drive is "the somatic process which occurs in an organ or part of the body and whose stimulus is represented in mental life by an instinct."<ref>1984c [1915]: 119</ref>
==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive, ]] in short, is something that originates within his theory of the body and seeks expression in the psyche as representation[[drive]]'s circuit.
Freud is primariluy concerned with In this circut, the aims of the drives and how they seek satisfaction[[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]].
-----This circuit is [[structured]] by the [[three]] [[grammatical]] voices.
It is crucial # The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. to acknowledge the distinction between an instinct and a drive.see)
An instinct designates a need that can be satisfied# The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
# The examples Freud usually gives are those of hunger and thirst[[passive]] voice (e.g. to be seen)
THese needs give rise to an excitation within the body that can be satisfied ===Activity and neutralizedPassivity===The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].
Only in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]). Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen." Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref> The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].  ==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone). At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref> ===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points: # [[Lacan]] rejects the [[idea]] that the other handpartial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair. : He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation. # [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>  ===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive]], and the [[drive|invocatory drive]]. Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]]. The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]]. {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}  ==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], cannot [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]]. This formula is to be satisfied read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[subject]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.  ==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is characterized a basic [[dualism]]. At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other. This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]''constancy) and the [[death drive]]s ('' [[death drive|Todestriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the pressure [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref> ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it exerts [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[consciousnessdesire]].
==See Also==
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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