Changes
The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).
{| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''|-| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}} ==Drive and Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theoryof [[sexuality]]. For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[subject]]. ===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref> Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]]. ====Aim of the Drive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it. [[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref> Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] was revised extensively throughout is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its circular path, and [[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit. ====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his careerreaders that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source. The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref> It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]]. [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics. ==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit. In this circut, the [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]]. This circuit is [[structured]] by the [[three]] [[grammatical]] voices. # The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. to see) # The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself) # The [[passive]] voice (e.g.to be seen)
===Activity and Passivity===
The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a [[subject]].
Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."
Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>
==The Partial Nature of the Drives==
[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone).
: He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud designates ]], of a particualrly close attachment between [[genital drive]] in which the drive and its object as "fixation"partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation.
==The examples Freud usually gives are those Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of hunger and thirstthe [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]].
==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]]. At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the other one hand, cannot be satisfied and is characterized the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other. This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''constancy[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'' ) and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref> ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the pressure [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it exerts [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[consciousnessdesire]].
==See Also==
==References==
<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
__NOTOC__
