==Sigmund Freud==
[[Freud]]'s [[theory]] of the [[drive]] was revised extensively throughout his career.
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==Drive and Instinct==
===Sigmund Freud===
[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]].
For [[Freud]], the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[subject]].
===Jacques Lacan===
[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
The Whereas [[driveinstinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]], or [[instinctneed]] as it is usually translated in English, is a concept that exists on the border between the somatic (bodily) and the mental. It consists of a quantity of energy and its psychical representative (remember what we said above about the unconscious being representation). Jean Laplanche and Serge Leclaire define the Freudian [[drive as 'a constant force of a biological nature, emanating ]] is completely removed from organic sources, that always has as its aim its own satisfaction through the elimination realm of the state of tension which operates at the source of the drive itself' (1972 [1965[biology]]: 140).
====Aim of the Drive====
The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
[[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>
According to Thus the [[Freudreal]], there are four characteristics purpose of the [[drive]]: its '''pressure'''is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its '''aim'''circular path, it's '''object''' and its '''[[The Real|the real]] source'''.<ref>1984c of [[enjoyment]] is the [[1915repetition|repetitive movement]]: 118</ref>of this closed circuit.
By '''pressure''' ====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud means ]] defined the [[drive]]'s motor factoras a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, that is to saythe end, "the amount of force or measure of object and the demand for work which it representssource."<ref><ref>1984c [1915]: 118</ref>
The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>
Exerting '''pressure''' It is a characteristic common to all thoroughly [[driveculture|cultural]]s and represents the [[drivesymbolic]] [[construct]]'s essence.
The '''aim''' [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] is of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to seek its own satisfaction energetics and it achieves this by removing the source of stimulationhydraulics.
The '''object''' of the drive is that which the drive attaches itself to in order to achieve its aim.
Freud designates a particualrly close attachment between ==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive and its object as "fixation"]]'s circuit.
FinallyIn this circut, the source of the [[drive is "the somatic process which occurs ]] originates in an organ or part of the body and whose stimulus is represented in mental life by an instinct."<ref>1984c [1915[erogenous zone]: 119</ref>].
The drive, in short, This circuit is something that originates within [[structured]] by the body and seeks expression in the psyche as representation[[three]] [[grammatical]] voices.
Freud is primariluy concerned with the aims of the drives and how they seek satisfaction# The [[active]] [[voice]] (e.g. to see)
-----# The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
It is crucial # The [[passive]] voice (e.g. to acknowledge the distinction between an instinct and a drive.be seen)
An instinct designates ===Activity and Passivity===The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[lack]] a need that can be satisfied[[subject]].
The examples Freud usually gives are those of hunger and thirstOnly in the [[third]] [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was [[No Subject|no subject]]).
THese needs give rise to an excitation within Although the [[third time]] is the passive voice, the body [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that can the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be satisfied and neutralizedseen."
The drive, on the other hand, cannot be satisfied and is characterized by the ''constancy'' Even supposedly "passive" phases of the pressure it exerts on [[consciousnessdrive]]such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>
The model circuit of the Freudian [[drive ]] is libido - sexual energy - or what is also translated as 'wish' or 'desire'the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].
According to Laplanche and Leclaire, it is the introduction of the drive into the sphere of need that marks the distinction between a need and desire: 'the drive introduces into the sphere of need an erotic quality: libido will be substituted for need' (1972 [1965]: 140).
Libido ==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the fundamental motive force of human beings; it is unconscious desire which is [[drive|oral drive]] and the organizing principle of all human thought[[drive|anal drive]], action and social relationseach specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone).
Throughout his career Freud maintained a dualistic theory At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of drivesthe [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d. </ref>
In ===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the Project for a Scientific Psychology (1954 partial [[nature]] of all [1895[drive]) he distinguished between bound and unbound energy. ]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:
In Three Essays on # [[Lacan]] rejects the Theory of Sexuality (1991d [1905[idea]]) Freud distinguished between libido and that the ego-instinctspartial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, or aruging that the priamcy of the drive to self-preservationgenital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.
Finally: He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], when he came to accept the criticisms of his fellow analysts that the a [[genital drive to self-preservation was also sexual ]] in nature, he formulated his final great mythopoetic theory of Eros, which the pleasure principle, and Thanatos, the death drive, partial drives are completely integrated in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1984b a [[1920harmonious]])relation.
For # [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the Freudian notion [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the drive is probably sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the single most important contribution [[reproductive]] function of psychoanalysis to sexuality but only the field [[dimension]] of human psychology and our understanding of subjectivityenjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p. 204</ref>
Lacan insisted on the need to retain the Freudian distinction between the drive and instinct, and in his early work the drive is closely associated with desire.
Above all===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive shares with desire |anal drive]], the property of never achieving its aim. The [[drive|scopic drive always circles around its object but never achieves ]], and the satisfaction of reaching it[[drive|invocatory drive]].
The purpose Each of the these [[drive, therefore, ]]s is simply to maintain its own repetitive compulsive movement, just as the purpose of desire is to desirespecified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].
Lacan'The first two [[drive]]s theory of relate to [[demand]], whereas the drive, however, differed from Freudsecond pair relate to [[desire]]. {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''s in two important respects[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives. jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}
Freud argued that sexuality was composed of a series of partial drives which he defined as the oral, anal and phallic phases.
These phases become integrated into a single==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, wholein the context of the [[graph of desire]], genital drive after [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the resolution of [[matheme]] for the Oedipus complex[[drive]].
Contrary This formula is to Freudbe read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], Lacan argues that all drives are partial in the sense that there is never a single integrated harmonious resolution [[fading]] of the drives in [[subject]] before the subject[[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.
Furthermore, a partial drive does not represent a part of a singular unified drive, but rather the partiality of the drive in the reproduction of sexuality (see Chapter 6).
Lacan also developed ==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud's theory : Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of the drive -theory in another important respect[[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]].
He thought that it At first this dualism was important to retain Freudconceived in [[terms]] of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s dualism, rather than reducing everything to a single motivating force, but rejected Freud(''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]''s notion ) or [[drive|drives of two distinct drives, Eros and Thanatosself-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other.
For Lacan every drive is sexual This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in nature and at the same time every drive is a death drive. There is fundamentally only one drive for Lacan period 1914- 20, that the death [[drive |ego- and as we will see this drive will increasingly be associated with the real and jouissance]]s are themselves sexual.
From seminar XI onwards Lacan will oppose He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive ]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and jouissance Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to desireretain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that little piece all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref> ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the real - field of jouissance - that the [[subject has access ]], as opposed to will be designated the objet petit a[[drive|genital drive]], which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]].
==See Also==
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
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