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{| align="[[right]]" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''|-| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}  ==Drive and Instinct=====BodySigmund Freud===The [[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]]. For [[Freud]], or the distinctive feature of [[instincthuman]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is usually translated in English, is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that exists they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the border life [[history]] of the [[subject]]. ===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref> Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the somatic (bodily) and [[drive]] is completely removed from the mentalrealm of [[biology]]. It consists  ====Aim of a quantity of energy the Drive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and its psychical representativedo not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it. The Freudian  [[Lacan]] argues that the [[purpose]] of the [[drive ]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is "not to reach a constant force of ''[[goal]]'' (a biological naturefinal destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), emanating from organic sourceswhich is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref> Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], that always has as but to [[return]] to its aim its own satisfaction through circular path, and [[The Real|the elimination real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the state [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of tension which operates at this closed circuit. ====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the source [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source. The [[drive itself]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>1972 [1965]: 140{{S11}} p.162</ref> It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]]. [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics. 

===Pressure, Aim, Object, Source=The Circuit of the Drive==According to [[FreudLacan]], there are incorporates the four characteristics of the [[drive]]: its '''pressure''', its '''aim''', it's '''object''' and its '''source'''.<ref>1984c [1915]: 118</ref> By '''pressure''' Freud means the [[drive]]'s motor factor, that is to say, "the amount of force or measure of the demand for work which it represents."<ref><ref>1984c [1915]: 118</ref> Exerting '''pressure''' is a characteristic common to all [[drive]]s and represents the [[drive]]'s essence. The '''aim''' elements of the [[drive]] is to seek its own satisfaction and it achieves this by removing the source of stimulation. The '''object''' of the drive is that which the drive attaches itself to in order to achieve its aim. Freud designates a particularly close attachment between the drive and its object as "fixation". Finally, the '''source''' of the [[drive]] is "the somatic process which occurs in an organ or part his theory of the [[body]] and whose stimulus is represented in mental life by an instinct."<ref>1984c [1915]: 119</ref> The [[drive]], in short, is something that originates within the body and seeks expression in the psyche as representation. Freud is primariluy concerned with the '''aims''' of the [[drive]]]s and how they seek satisfactioncircuit.

===Drive and Instinct===It is crucial to acknowledge In this circut, the distinction between an [[instinct]] and a [[drive]]. An [[instinct]] designates a need that can be satisfied. The examples [[Freud]] usually gives are those of hunger and thirst. These needs give rise to originates in an excitation within the [[body]] that can be satisfied and neutralized. The [[drive]], on the other hand, cannot be satisfied and is characterized by the ''constancy'' of the pressure it exerts on [[consciousnesserogenous zone]].

===Libido===The model of the This circuit is [[Freudstructured]]ian by the [[drivethree]] is [[libidogrammatical]] - sexual energy - or what is also translated as 'wish' or 'desire'. According to Laplanche and Leclaire, it is the introduction of the drive into the sphere of need that marks the distinction between a need and desire: 'the drive introduces into the sphere of need an erotic quality: libido will be substituted for need' (1972 [1965]: 140). [[Libido]] is the fundamental motive force of human beings; it is unconscious desire which is the organizing principle of all human thought, action and social relationsvoices.

===Freud's Dualism===Throughout his career Freud maintained a dualistic theory of drives. In the Project for a Scientific Psychology (1954 # The [[1895active]) he distinguished between bound and unbound energy. In Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1991d ] [[1905voice]]) Freud distinguished between libido and the ego-instincts, or the drive to self-preservation(e.g. Finally, when he came to accept the criticisms of his fellow analysts that the drive to self-preservation was also sexual in nature, he formulated his final great mythopoetic theory of Eros, the pleasure principle, and Thanatos, the death drive, in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1984b [1920]see).

==Jacques Lacan==For [[Lacan]], the Freudian notion of the [[drive]] is probably the single most important contribution of psychoanalysis # The reflexive voice (e.g. to the field of human psychology and our understanding of subjectivity. see oneself)

===Drive and Instinct===# The [[Lacanpassive]] insisted on the need voice (e.g. to retain the Freudian distinction between the [[drive]] and [[instinct]], and in his early work the [[drive]] is closely associated with desire. be seen)

===Drive Activity and DesirePassivity===Above all, the [[drive]] shares with [[desire]] the property of never achieving its [[aim]]. The [[drive]] always circles around its [[object]] but never achieves the satisfaction of reaching it. The purpose first of the these two [[drivetimes]], therefore, is simply to maintain its own repetitive compulsive movement, just as the purpose of (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[desirelack]] is to a [[desiresubject]].

===Differences with Freud===Only in the [[Lacanthird]]'s theory of [[time]] (the passive voice), when the [[drive]]completes its circuit, howeverdoes "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, differed from Freud's in two important respectsthere was [[No Subject|no subject]]).

Although the [[Freudthird time]] argued that sexuality was composed of a series of partial drives which he defined as is the oralpassive voice, anal and phallic phases. These phases become integrated into a single, whole, genital the [[drive after the resolution of the Oedipus complex. Contrary to Freud]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan argues that all drives are partial in the sense ]] writes that there is never a single integrated harmonious resolution of the drives in the subject. Furthermore, a partial drive does third time not represent a part of a singular unified drive, as "to be seen" but rather the partiality of the drive in the reproduction of sexualityas "to make oneself be seen. "

Lacan also developed Freud's theory Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[drive in another important respect. He thought that it was important to retain Freud's dualism, rather than reducing everything to a single motivating force, but rejected Freud's notion of two distinct drives, Eros and Thanatos. For Lacan every drive is sexual in nature and at the same time every drive is a death drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]]. There is fundamentally only one drive for Lacan - the death drive - and as we will see this drive will increasingly be associated with the real and jouissance<ref>{{S11}} p. 200</ref>

From seminar XI onwards The circuit of the [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principle]].  ==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]], each specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone). At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[children]]), but in [[puberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[genital]] organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d.</ref> ===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points: # [[Lacan]] rejects the [[idea]] that the partial drives can ever attain any [[complete]] organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair. : He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[psychoanalysts]] after [[Freud]], of a [[genital drive]] in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a [[harmonious]] relation. # [[Lacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s are partial, not in the [[sense]] that thy are parts of a [[whole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[dimension]] of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>  ===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan will oppose ]] [[identifies]] four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]], the [[drive|anal drive]], the [[drive|scopic drive ]], and jouissance the [[drive|invocatory drive]]. Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]]. The first two [[drive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the second pair relate to [[desire]]. {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}  ==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] proposes the [[formula]] ('''S <> D''') as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]]. This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], and the [[fading]] of the [[subject]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that little piece persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.  ==The Dualism of the real Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive- theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic [[dualism]]. At first this dualism was conceived in [[terms]] of jouissance an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego- drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other. This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the subject has access [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to will retain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be designated reduced to one single concept of psychic [[energy]].<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the objet petit [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a[[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref> ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[drive|genital drive]], which (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is not merely [[another]] [[name]] for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [[desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]].