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{| align==Sigmund Freud=====Drive and Sexuality==="[[Sigmund Freudright]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] (" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''[[Triebpulsion]]'', ''|-| [[pulsionGerman]]: '') is central to his theory of [[human]] [[sexuality]].Trieb{{Bottom}}

At first these component drives function anarchically ==Drive and independently (Instinct=====Sigmund Freud===[[Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the '[[polymorphous perversitydrive]] is central to his [[theory]] of [[human]] [[sexuality]]' ; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[childrensexuality]]. For [[Freud]]), the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[sexuality]] -- as opposed to the [[sexual]] [[life]] of other animals -- is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate [[relationship]] to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are [[contingent]] on the life [[history]] of the [[pubertysubject]]. ===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan] ] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian [[distinction]] between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref> Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a [[mythical]] [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]]. ====Aim of the Drive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they become organised can never be [[satisfied]], and fused together under do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it. [[Lacan]] argues that the primacy [[purpose]] of the [[genital organsdrive]](''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''[[goal]]'' (a final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref> Thus the [[real]] purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of [[full]] [[satisfaction]], but to [[return]] to its circular path, and [[The Real|the real]] source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit. ====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, Sigmundthe object and the source. The [[drive]]cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial. 1905d"<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref>  It is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] [[construct]]. [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of the [[drive]] of the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s [[work]] to energetics and hydraulics.  ==The Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit. In this circut, the [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]]. This circuit is [[structured]] by the [[three]] [[grammatical]] voices.

==Drive and Instinct==According to # The [[Freudactive]], [[humanvoice]] (e.g. to see) # The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself) # The [[sexualitypassive]] is not regulated by voice (e.g. to be seen) ===Activity and Passivity===The first of these two [[times]] (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they [[instinctlack]]s but by a [[drivesubject]]s.

Only in the [[Lacanthird]] follows [[Freudtime]]'s distinction between (the passive voice), when the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (''[[Trieb]]'' and [[instinct]] (''which is to say that before this time, there was [[InstinktNo Subject|no subject]]'').<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>

Although the [[Instinctthird time]]s are relatively fixed and innateis the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as "to make oneself be seen."

Even supposedly "passive" phases of the [[Instinctdrive]] denotes a such as [[mythmasochism]]ical pre-linguistic involve [[needactivity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref>

The circuit of the [[Drivedrive]]s are variable, and develop in ways that are [[contingent]] on is the only way for the [[lifesubject]] to [[historytransgress]] of the [[subjectpleasure principle]].

==The Partial Nature of the Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a [[number]] of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive]] does not refer to "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} peach specified by a different source (a different [[erotogenic]] zone). 162</ref>

The At first these component [[drive]] is a thoroughly s function anarchically and independently (viz. the "[[polymorphous perversity]]" of [[culturalchildren]] and ), but in [[symbolicpuberty]] they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the [[constructgenital]]organs.<ref>{{F}} p.1905d. </ref>

==Partial=Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial [[nature]] of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points:

# [[Lacan]] argues that rejects the [[driveidea]]s are that the partial drives can ever attain any [[partialcomplete]]organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair.

The : He thus challenges the [[notion]], put forward by some [[drivepsychoanalysts]]s are after [[partialFreud]] (in that they represent , of a [[sexualitygenital drive]] partially) (not in which the sense that they partial drives are parts of completely integrated in a whole)[[harmonious]] relation.

# [[DriveLacan]] argues that the [[drive]]s do are partial, not represent in the [[reproductivesense]] function that thy are parts of a [[sexualitywhole]] (a 'genital drive'), but in the sense that they only [[represent]] sexuality partially; they do not represent the dimension [[reproductive]] function of sexuality but only the [[enjoymentdimension]])of enjoyment.<ref>{{S11}} p.204</ref>

===The Four Partial Drives===[[Lacan]] identifies four partial [[driveidentifies]]sfour partial drives:* the [[drive|oral]] [[drive]]* , the [[drive|anal]] [[drive]]* , the [[drive|scopic]] [[drive]]* , and the [[drive|invocatory]] [[drive]].

The first two [[Lacandrive]] emphasizes the s relate to [[partialdemand]] nature of all [[drive]]s, but differs from whereas the second pair relate to [[Freuddesire]] on two points. ==Movement of the Drive==

The {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | [[Partial drive|PARTIAL DRIVE]] !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | [[Partial Object|PARTIAL OBJECT]] !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] originates in an || align="center" | [[erogenous Erogenous zone|Lips]], circles round the || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]], and then returns to the || align="center" | [[erogenous Erogenous zone|Anus]]. || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Scopic]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[Invocatory]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}

==The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]] argues that the purpose of proposes the [[driveformula]] is not to reach a goal (a final destination'''S <> D''') but to follow its aim (as the way itself), which is to circle round [[matheme]] for the [[objectdrive]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref>

The function This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]], the [[fading]] of the [[drivesubject]] before the [[insistence]] of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] is not to attain full [[satisfactionintention]] but to return to its circular pathsustain it.

==Drive The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and DesireDeath===The Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[driveFreud]] 's work, one constant feature is not merely another name for a basic [[desiredualism]]: they are the [[partial]] aspects in which [[desire]] is realised.

At first this dualism was conceived in [[Desireterms]] is of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and undivided, whereas the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are (''[[partialdrive|Ichtriebe]] manifestations '') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[desiredrive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other.

The circuit of the This opposition was problematized by [[driveFreud]] is 's growing realization, in the only way for period 1914-20, that the [[subject]] to [[transgress]] the [[pleasure principledrive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual.

==Dualism==[[Freud]] conceived He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') ((both the [[pleasure principle]] and the [[reality principle]]) and the [[death drive]]s (''[[death drive|Todestriebe]]'').

===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and Imaginary===[[Lacan]] retains the the basic dualism of argues that it is important to retain [[Freud]]'s theory of the [[drive]]s (against dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that all [[psychic]] forces could be reduced to one single concept of [[psychic]] [[energy]]).<ref>{{S1}} l18p.118-20).</ref>

However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualise reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of [[drive]]s.

For Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual]] [[drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]]since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 848</ref>

Since every ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]] is excessives are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the [[subject]], as opposed to the [[repetitivedrive|genital drive]], and ultimately destructivewhich (if it [[exists]]) finds its [[form]] on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{EcS11}} p.848)189</ref>

==Formula==In 1957However, in the context of the [[graph of desiredrive]], is not merely [[Lacananother]] proposes the [[formulaname]] (SO D) as the for [[mathemedesire]] for : they are the partial aspects in which [[drivedesire]]is realized.

This [[formulaDesire]] is to be read: the [[bar]]red [[subject]] in relation to [[demand]]one and undivided, whereas the [[fading]] of the [[subjectdrive]] before the insistence s are partial manifestations of a [[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intentiondesire]] to sustain it.