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Drive

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==Sigmund Freud==
[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a number of partial drives (Ger. Partieltrieb) such as the oral drive and the anal drive, each specified by a different source (a different erotogenic zone).
At first these component drives function anarchically and independently (viz. the 'polymorphous perversity' of children), but in puberty they become organised and fused together under the primacy of the genital organs.<ref>Freud, 1905d</ref>
Instinctual (pre-lingual) bodily impulses or instincts, which Freud ultimately decided could be reduced to two primary drives: 1) the life drives (both the pleasure principle and the reality principle); and 2) the death drive, which Freud saw as even more primal than the life drives.
 
==Human Sexuality==
 
[[Sigmund Freud]]'s [[concept]] of the [[drive]] (''Trieb'', ''pulsion'') is central to his theory of [[human]] [[sexuality]].
 
According to [[Freud]], [[human]] [[sexuality]] is not regulated by [[instinct]]s but by [[drive]]s.
 
[[Instinct]]s are relatively fixed and innate.
 
[[Instinct]] denotes a [[myth]]ical pre-linguistic [[need]].
 
[[Drive]]s are variable, and develop in ways that are contingent on the life history of the [[subject]].
 
[[Drive]] is separate from the realm of [[biology]].
 
The [[drive]] does not refer to "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{Sll}} p. 162</ref>
 
The [[drive]] is a thoroughly cultural and symbolic construct.
 
==Jacques Lacan==
 
[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]]'s distinction between [[drive]] (''Trieb'' and [[instinct]] (''Instinkt'').<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref>
Freud's concept of the drive (Trieb) (pulsion) lies at the heart of his theory of sexuality.
For Freud, the distinctive feature of human sexuality, as opposed to the sexual life of other animals, is that it is not regulated by any [[instinct]] (a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship to an object) but by the drives, which differ from instincts in that they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are contingent on the life history of the subject.THE MOVEMENT OF DRIVE
Lacan reminds his readers that Freud defined the drive as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source.
Lacan incorporates the four elements of the drive in his theory of the drive's 'circuit'.
In this circuit, the drive originates in an erogenous zone, circles round the object, and then returns to the erogenous zone.
[[Lacan]] reaffirms the Freudian distinction between [[drive]] (''Trieb'') and [[instinct]] (''Instinkt'').<ref>E 301</ref>
[[Instinct]] denotes a [[myth]]ical pre-linguistic [[need]].
[[Drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]].
[[Drive]], unlike [[biology|biological]] [[need]]s, can never be [[satisfaction|satisfied]].
[[Drive]]s do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it.
[[Lacan]] argues that the purpose of the [[drive]] is not to reach a goal (a final destination) but to follow its aim (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>Sll, 168</ref>
Thus the real purpose of the [[drive]] is not some [[myth]]ical goal of full [[satisfaction]], but to return to its circular path, and the real source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive]] movement of this closed circuit.
The function of the [[drive]] is not to attain full [[satisfaction]] but to return to its circular path.
The real source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive]] movement of this closed circuit. ==Partial== [[Lacan reminds his readers ]] argues that Freud defined the [[drive]]s are partial. The [[drive as ]]s are partial (in that they represent [[sexuality]] partially) (not in the sense that they are parts of a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the sourcewhole).
The [[driveDrive]] does s do not refer to "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordialrepresent the reproductive function of sexuality (but only the dimension of enjoyment)."<ref>Sll, 162{{S11}} p.204</ref> The [[drive]] is a thoroughly cultural and symbolic construct.
==Differences==
Lacan emphasizes the partial nature of all drives, but differs from Freud on two points.
[[Lacan incorporates ]] rejects the four elements of idea that the partial drives can ever attain any complete organisation or fusion, arguing that the drive in his theory primacy of the drive's 'circuit'. In this circuit, the drive originates in an erogenous genital zone, circles round the objectif achieved, and then returns to the erogenous zoneis always a highly precarious affair. This circuit is structured by the three grammatical voices
He thus challenges the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after Freud, of a genital drive in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious fashion.
1 The active voice (e.g. to see)
2 The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself)
3 The passive voice (e.g. to be seen)
==Four Drives==
[[Lacan]] identifies four partial [[drive]]s:
* the [[oral]] [[drive]]
* the [[anal]] [[drive]]
* the [[scopic]] [[drive]]
* the [[invocatory]] [[drive]]
Each of these [[drive]]s is specified by a different [[partial object]] and a different [[erogenous zone]].
The first of these two times (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic: they lack a subject Only in the third time (the passive voice), when the drive completes its circuit, does 'a new subject' appear (which is to say that before this time, there was no subject).<ref> see S11, 178</ref> Although the third time is the passive voice, the drive is always essentially active, which is why Lacan writes the third time not as 'to be seen' but as 'to make oneself be seen'. Even supposedly 'passive' phases of the drive such as masochism involve activity.<ref>Sll, 200</ref> The circuit of the drive is the only way for the subject to transgress the pleasure principle.
==Drive and Desire==
the drive is not merely another name for desire: they are the partial aspects in which desire is realised.
Freud argued that sexuality Desire is composed of a number of partial drives (Ger. Partieltrieb) such as the oral drive one and undivided, whereas the anal drive, each specified by a different source (a different erotogenic zone). At first these component drives function anarchically and independently (viz. the 'polymorphous perversity' of children), but in puberty they become organised and fused together under the primacy of the genital organs.<ref>Freud, 1905d</ref> Lacan emphasises the are partial nature manifestations of all drives, but differs from Freud on two pointsdesire.
The circuit of the drive is the only way for the subject to transgress the pleasure principle.
[[Lacan]] rejects ==Dualism==Throughout the idea that the partial drives can ever attain any complete organisation or fusion, arguing that the primacy various reformulations of the genital zone, if achieveddrive-theory in Freud's work, one constant feature is always a highly precarious affair. He thus challenges the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after Freud, of a genital drive in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious fashionbasic dualism.
2. Lacan argues that He conceived the dualism of the drives are partial, not in terms of an opposition between the sense that they are parts of a whole life drives (a 'genital drive'Lebenstriebe), but in and the sense that they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent the reproductive function of sexuality but only the dimension of enjoymentdeath drives (Todestriebe).<ref>Sll, 204</ref>
Lacan identifies four partial drives: the oral drive, the anal drive, the scopic drive, and the invocatory drive. Each of these drives is specified by a different partial object and a different erogenous zone.
The first two drives relate Lacan argues that it is important to demandretain Freud's dualism, whereas and rejects the second pair relate to desire.In 1957, in the context monism of the graph of desireJung, Lacan proposes the formula (SO D) as the [[matheme]] for the drive. This formula is to who argued that all psychic forces could be read: the barred subject in relation reduced to demandone single concept of psychic energy.<ref>(Sl, the fading of the subject before the insistence of a demand that persists without any conscious intention to sustain itl18-20).</ref>
Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in Freud's workHowever, one constant feature is a basic dualism. At first Lacan prefers to reconceptualise this dualism was conceived in terms of an opposition between the sexual drives (Sexualtriebe) on symbolic and the one handimaginary, and the ego-drives (Ichtriebe) or drives not in terms of self-preservation (Selbsterhaltungs-triebe) on the other. This an opposition was problematised by Freud's growing realisation, in the period 1914-20, that the ego-between different kinds of drives are themselves sexual.
He was thus led to reconceptualise the dualism of the Thus, for Lacan, all drives in terms of an opposition between the life are sexual drives (Lebenstriebe) , and the every drive is a [[death drives drive]]. Since every drive is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive.<ref> (TodestriebeEc,848).</ref>
Lacan argues that it is important to retain Freud's dualism, and rejects the monism of Jung, who argued that all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.<ref>(Sl, l18-20).</ref> However, Lacan prefers to reconceptualise this dualism in terms of an opposition between the symbolic and the imaginary, and not in terms of an opposition between different kinds of drives. Thus, for Lacan, all drives are sexual drives, and every drive is a [[death drive]]. Since every drive is excessive, repetitive, and ultimately destructive.<ref> (Ec,848)</ref>
The drives are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of the subject, as opposed to the genital drive, which (if it exists) finds its form on the side of the Other.<ref>(Sll, 189)</ref> However, the drive is not merely another name for desire: they are the partial aspects in which desire is realised. Desire is one and undivided, whereas the drives are partial manifestations of desire.
==Formula==
In 1957, in the context of the graph of desire, Lacan proposes the formula (SO D) as the [[matheme]] for the drive.
This formula is to be read: the barred subject in relation to demand, the fading of the subject before the insistence of a demand that persists without any conscious intention to sustain it.
== def Activity==the drive is always essentially active, which is why Lacan writes the third time not as 'to be seen' but as 'to make oneself be seen'.
Instinctual (pre-lingual) bodily impulses or instincts, which Freud ultimately decided could be reduced to two primary drives: 1) the life drives (both the pleasure principle and Even supposedly 'passive' phases of the reality principle); and 2) the death drive, which Freud saw such as even more primal than the life drivesmasochism involve activity.<ref>Sll, 200</ref>
==def=
==See Also==
* [[Desire]]
== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]-->
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