Changes

{{Topp}}[[Ego-psychology]psychologie] ([[Fr]]. ''[[psychologie du moi]]'') has been -- since its development in the 1930s -- the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]).{{Bottom}}

==Sigmund Freud==<!-- [[Ego-psychology]] has been - since its development in the 1930s - the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. -->===Structural Model=School==[[Ego-psychology]] draws is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topography]] and [[Anna Freud]]'s [[work]] on the [[ego]] and its [[defence]]s. It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structure|structural model]] of the [[psychemind]], which was first put forward focuses almost entirely on the function of the [[ego]] in ''mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[The Ego superego]] and the Id[[external]] [[reality]]'' (1923).

This model comprises three agencies: [[Ego Psychology|Ego psychology]] developed in the United States in the years following the Second [[idWorld]], War and focused on ways of strengthening the defence mechanisms of the [[egoconscious]], and mind rather than the [[superegounconscious]]motivation of our actions, as in classical psychoanalysis.

Since the Rudolph [[ego]] plays a crucial role in mediating between the conflicting [[demandLoewenstein]], Lacan's of the [[instinctual]] [[idtraining]]analyst, had been one of the founding fathers of [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[realityEgo Psychology|Ego psychology]], more attention began to be paid to its having fled [[developmentNazi]] and [[structurepersecution]]in the 1940s.

==Treatment==In their view the [[Anna Freudanalyst]]'s book [[role]] was to become an ally of the 'healthy'[[The Ego ego]] forces in their [[struggle]] to dominate [[instinct]]s and [[drive]]s. It was said that the [[patient]], in [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous ego]]", should [[identify]] with the Mechanisms [[ego]] of Defencethe [[psychoanalyst]]'' (1936) . Hence it was one of the first works [[analyst]]'s job to focus almost entirely on the develop a powerful [[ego]], and the trend became firmly established in .<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939), which is now regarded as the foundational [[text ]] of [[ego-psychology]].[[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[ego]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the [[analyst]]. -->

==History==[[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the [[whole ]] of the [[IPA]]. This [[position]] of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]] to [[present]] itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist [[form]], when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s work.

This position For much of dominance has enabled his professional [[life]], [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology ]]'s [[claim]] to be the [[true]] heir to present itself as the inheritor [[Freudian]] legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of Freudian psychoanalysis [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers. <!-- After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]] in its purist form1953, he was free to [[voice]] his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] openly, when in fact there and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of [[Lacan]]ian [[theory]] cannot be properly [[understood]] without reference to the [[ideas]] of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. --><!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are radical differences between some often intertwined with his criticisms of its tenets the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this [[particular]] [[school]] of [[thought]]. [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and Freudthe [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the [[culture]] of the United States (see [[factor c]]). [[Lacan]]'s workpowerful critique has meant that few [[people]] now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->

For much ==Criticism==[[Lacan]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the [[ego-psychology|ego-psychologist]]'s [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of his professional lifethe [[ego]]. How, asks Lacan, can they [[know]] which "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan disputed ]] challenged all the central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]], such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]]. Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]'s claim [[ego]]? Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to be bring the true heir [[patient]] to see the world as the Freudian legacy, even though [[analyst]] sees it? [[Lacan's analyst, Rudolph Loewenstein, was one ]] traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathersproblems and contradictions to the [[idea]] that there is an "[[objective]]", "[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]].

After For [[Lacan was expelled from ]], the [[ego]] is the [[enemy]]. The origin of the IPA [[ego]] is in 1953the [[mirror phase]]. The [[mirror]], he was free to voice his criticisms of egoheld by the [[mother]], proffers the developmentally half- psychology openly, formed and during the rest muscularly uncontrolled [[child]] its first idea of his life he developed itself as a sustained and powerful critique[[stable]] [[unified]] [[appearance]]. The [[ego]] is constituted by "[[alienating]] [[identification]]s".  Much [[Lacan]]'s own conception of Lacanian theory cannot the [[ego]] suggests that it must be properly understood without reference profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the ideas [[subject]]'s own [[desire]]s from the [[desire]]s of ego-psychology with which Lacan contrasts it[[others]]. According to Lacan challenged all , the central concepts of [[ego]] is not [[autonomous ego-psychology|autonomous]], such as but subordinated and [[alienation|alienated]] to the concepts of people and [[image]]s with which it has [[adaptationidentification|identified]] and the during its [[autonomous egodevelopment]].  His criticisms of ego-psychology are often intertwined He thought that an [[analysis]] had failed if it ended with his criticisms of the [[IPAanalysand]] which was dominated by this particular school of thought.  [[Lacanidentification|identifying]] presents both ego-psychology and with the IPA as [[analyst]]. At the 'antithesis' conclusion of true psychoanalysis.<ref>E, l16</ref> [[Lacantherapy]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by , what should have disappeared is the culture armour of the United States (see [[factor cego]]).  Lacan's powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically , the claims glass cage of ego-psychology to identify itself as 'classical psychoanalysis'[[narcissistic]] [[illusion]]s.

[[Category:Jacques LacanSchools]]