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{{Topp}}[[Ego-psychology]psychologie] ([[Fr]]. ''[[psychologie du moi]]'') has been -- since its development in the 1930s -- the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]).{{Bottom}}

==Sigmund Freud==<!-- [[Ego-psychology]] has been - since its development in the 1930s - the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. -->===Structural Model=School==[[Ego-psychology]] draws mainly on is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[structural modeltopology|second topography]] of the and [[psycheAnna Freud]] -- comprising three agencies: the 's [[idwork]], on the [[ego]], and the its [[superegodefence]]s.<ref> It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structure|structural model]] of the [[psychemind]], which focuses almost entirely on the function of the [[ego]] was first put forward in ''mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[The Ego superego]] and the Id[[external]] [[reality]]'' (1923).</ref>

Since the [[egoEgo Psychology|Ego psychology]] plays a crucial role developed in mediating between the conflicting United States in the years following the Second [[demandWorld]]s War and focused on ways of strengthening the defence mechanisms of the [[instinctual]] [[idconscious]], mind rather than the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[realityunconscious]]motivation of our actions, more attention began to be paid to its [[development]] and [[structure]]as in classical psychoanalysis.

==Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this [[Anna Freudschool]]'s book ''of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[The Ego adaptation|adjustment]] and [[adaptation]] of the Mechanisms [[individual]] to existing [[social]] [[conditions]]. In the view of Defencethe American [[analysts]]'' (1936) was one the [[ego]] is to be protected, the job of the first works analysis is to focus almost entirely on reinforce the [[ego]] against the [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and the trend became firmly established in [[external]] [[reality]]. [[ego-psychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s '', [[Ego Psychology Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], asserted that the Problem of Adaptation[[ego]]had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual'' s [[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts. There was a [[conflict]]-free zone (1939), which is now regarded as the foundational text of "[[autonomous ego-psychology]]"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.

==Treatment==In their view the [[analyst]]'s [[Ego-psychologyrole]] was taken to become an ally of the 'healthy' [[ego]] forces in their [[United Statesstruggle]] by to dominate [[instinct]]s and [[drive]]s. It was said that the Austrian analysts who emigrated there [[patient]], in [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous ego]]", should [[identify]] with the [[ego]] of the [[psychoanalyst]]. Hence it was the late 1930s, [[analyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]].<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and since the early 1950s it has been Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939) is regarded as the foundational [[text]] of [[ego-psychology]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the dominant school innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] not only facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[ego]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[United Statespatient]] but also in [[identifies]] with the whole strong [[ego]] of the [[IPAanalyst]].-->

==History==[[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the [[whole]] of the [[IPA]]. This [[position ]] of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]] to [[present ]] itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist [[form]], when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s work.

For much of his professional [[life]], [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s [[claim ]] to be the [[true ]] heir to the [[Freudian ]] legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers. <!-- After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]] in 1953, he was free to [[voice]] his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of [[Lacan]]ian [[theory]] cannot be properly [[understood]] without reference to the [[ideas]] of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. --><!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this [[particular]] [[school]] of [[thought]]. [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and the [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the [[culture]] of the United States (see [[factor c]]). [[Lacan]]'s powerful critique has meant that few [[people]] now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->

After ==Criticism==[[Lacan]] was expelled from attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the [[IPAego-psychology|ego-psychologist]] in 1953's [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of the [[ego]]. How, asks Lacan, he was free to voice his criticisms can they [[know]] which "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan]] challenged all the central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]] openly, such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and during the rest [[autonomous ego]]. Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of his life he developed a sustained [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]'s [[ego]]? Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to bring the [[patient]] to see the world as the [[analyst]] sees it? [[Lacan]] traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and powerful critiquecontradictions to the [[idea]] that there is an "[[objective]]", "[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]].

Much of For [[Lacan]]ian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to , the [[ego]] is the ideas [[enemy]]. The origin of the [[ego-psychology]] with which is in the [[Lacanmirror phase]] contrasts it.   The [[Lacanmirror]] challenged all , held by the central concepts of [[ego-psychologymother]], such as proffers the concepts developmentally half-formed and muscularly uncontrolled [[child]] its first idea of itself as a [[stable]] [[unified]] [[adaptationappearance]] and the . The [[autonomous ego]]is constituted by "[[alienating]] [[identification]]s".  His criticisms [[Lacan]]'s own conception of the [[ego-psychology are often intertwined with his criticisms of ]] suggests that it must be profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the [[subject]]'s own [[desire]]s from the [[IPAdesire]] which was dominated by this particular school s of thought[[others]]. According to Lacan, the [[Lacanego]] presents both is not [[autonomous ego-psychology |autonomous]], but subordinated and [[alienation|alienated]] to the IPA as the 'antithesis' of true psychoanalysispeople and [[image]]s with which it has [[identification|identified]] during its [[development]].<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref>  He thought that an [[Lacananalysis]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by had failed if it ended with the culture of [[analysand]] [[identification|identifying]] with the United States (see [[factor canalyst]]).   At the conclusion of [[Lacantherapy]]'s powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically , what should have disappeared is the claims armour of the [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis, the glass cage of [[narcissistic]] [[illusion]]s."

[[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:SchoolSchools]]