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{{TopTopp}}[[psychologie ]] du moi{{Bottom}}

Rudolph [[Ego-psychologyLoewenstein]] has been -- since its development in the 1930s -- the dominant , Lacan's [[schooltraining]] analyst, had been one of the founding fathers of [[psychoanalysisEgo Psychology|Ego psychology]] in the , having fled [[International Psycho-Analytical AssociationNazi]] ([[IPApersecution]])in the 1940s.

==Sigmund Freud=====Structural Model=Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this [[school]] of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[adaptation|adjustment]] and [[adaptation]] of the [[Ego-psychologyindividual]] draws mainly on to existing [[Freudsocial]]'s [[structural modelconditions]] . In the view of the American [[psycheanalysts]] -- comprising three agencies: the [[idego]]is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the [[ego]] against the [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], and the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]].<ref> [[Freudego-psychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]], [[Ernst Kris]]'s and [[structural modelRudolph Loewenstein]] of , asserted that the [[psycheego]] had an aspect that was first put forward in 'not tied up with the individual's [[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts. There was a [[The Ego and conflict]]-free zone (the Id"[[autonomous ego]]'' (1923"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.</ref>

Since ==Treatment==In their view the [[analyst]]'s [[role]] was to become an ally of the 'healthy' [[ego]] plays a crucial role forces in their [[struggle]] to dominate [[instinct]]s and [[drive]]s. It was said that the [[patient]], in mediating between [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous ego]]", should [[identify]] with the [[ego]] of the [[psychoanalyst]]. Hence it was the conflicting [[demandanalyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]].<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939) is regarded as the foundational [[text]] of [[ego-psychology]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[instinctualego]] to function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[idHartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [moralistic[adaptation]] , that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[superegoego]] and [[externalenvironment]] . [[realityTreatment]], more attention began tends to be paid to its based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[developmentego]] and of the [[structureanalyst]].-->

For much of his professional [[Anna Freudlife]], [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s book ''[[The Ego and claim]] to be the [[true]] heir to the Mechanisms of Defence[[Freudian]] legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'' (1936) s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers. <!-- After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the first works [[IPA]] in 1953, he was free to focus almost entirely on the [[voice]] his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]]openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of [[Lacan]]ian [[theory]] cannot be properly [[understood]] without reference to the [[ideas]] of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. --><!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the trend became firmly established in [[Heinz HartmannIPA]] which was dominated by this [[particular]] [[school]] of [[thought]]. [[Lacan]]'s ''presents both [[Ego Psychology ego-psychology]] and the Problem [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of Adaptationtrue psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the [[culture]]'' of the United States (1939see [[factor c]]), which is . [[Lacan]]'s powerful critique has meant that few [[people]] now regarded as accept uncritically the foundational text claims of [[ego-psychology]]to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->

==Criticism==[[EgoLacan]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the [[ego-psychology|ego-psychologist]] was taken to 's [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of the [[United Statesego]] by . How, asks Lacan, can they [[know]] which "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan]] challenged all the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]], such as the late 1930s, concepts of [[adaptation]] and since the early 1950s it has been [[autonomous ego]]. Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]'s [[ego]]? Is the dominant school [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in to bring the [[United Statespatient]] but also in to see the whole world as the [[analyst]] sees it? [[Lacan]] traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to the [[IPAidea]] that there is an "[[objective]]", "[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]].

This position For [[Lacan]], the [[ego]] is the [[enemy]]. The origin of dominance has enabled the [[ego]] is in the [[mirror phase]]. The [[mirror]], held by the [[mother]], proffers the developmentally half-psychologyformed and muscularly uncontrolled [[child]] to present its first idea of itself as the inheritor of a [[stable]] [[unified]] [[appearance]]. The [[Freudego]]ian is constituted by "[[psychoanalysisalienating]] in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freudidentification]]'s work". For much of his professional life, [[Lacan]] disputed 's own conception of the [[ego-psychology]]'s claim to suggests that it must be the true heir profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the Freudian legacy, even though [[Lacansubject]]'s own [[analystdesire]], s from the [[Rudolph Loewensteindesire]], was one s of [[ego-psychologyothers]]'s founding fathers. After [[According to Lacan]] was expelled from , the [[IPAego]] in 1953, he was free to voice his criticisms of is not [[autonomous ego-psychology|autonomous]] openly, but subordinated and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique.  Much of [[Lacanalienation|alienated]]ian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to the ideas of people and [[ego-psychologyimage]] s with which it has [[Lacanidentification|identified]] contrasts it.  during its [[Lacandevelopment]] challenged all the central concepts of . He thought that an [[ego-psychologyanalysis]], such as had failed if it ended with the concepts of [[adaptationanalysand]] and the [[autonomous egoidentification|identifying]].  His criticisms of ego-psychology are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPAanalyst]] which was dominated by this particular school . At the conclusion of thought.  [[Lacantherapy]] presents both ego-psychology and , what should have disappeared is the IPA as armour of the 'antithesis' of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacanego]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by , the culture glass cage of the United States (see [[factor cnarcissistic]]).  [[Lacanillusion]]'s powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis."

[[Category:SchoolSchools]]