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{{TopTopp}}[[psychologie ]] du moi{{Bottom}}

<!-- [[Ego-psychology]] has been - since its development in the 1930s - the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. -->==School==[[Ego-psychology]] is a major [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topography]] and [[Anna Freud]]'s [[work ]] on the [[ego]] and its [[defence]]s. It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structure|structural model]] of the [[mind]], which focuses almost entirely on the function of the [[ego]] in mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]].

==Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this [[school]] of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[adaptation|adjustment]] and [[adaptation]] of the dominant [[schoolindividual]] to existing [[social]] [[conditions]]. In the view of the American [[analysts]] the [[ego]] is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the [[ego]] against the [[demand]] s of the [[psychoanalysisinstinctual]] [[id]] in , the [[International Psychomoralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]. [[ego-Analytical Associationpsychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]], [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], asserted that the [[ego]] had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's [[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts. There was a [[conflict]]-free zone (the "[[IPAautonomous ego]]"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.

===Structural Model of the Psyche=Treatment==In their view the [[Ego-psychologyanalyst]] draws mainly on 's [[Freudrole]]was to become an ally of the 'healthy'[[ego]] forces in their [[struggle]] to dominate [[instinct]]s and [[structural modeldrive]] of s. It was said that the [[psychepatient]] -- comprising three agencies: the , in [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[idautonomous ego]]", should [[identify]] with the [[ego]], and of the [[superegopsychoanalyst]].<ref> Hence it was the [[Freudanalyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[structural modelego]] of the .<!-- [[psycheHeinz Hartmann]] was first put forward in 's ''[[The Ego Psychology and the IdProblem of Adaptation]]'' (19231939)is regarded as the foundational [[text]] of [[ego-psychology]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[ego]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the [[analyst]].</ref-->

Since ==History==[[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[egoUnited States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] plays a crucial role but also in mediating between the conflicting [[demandwhole]]s of the [[instinctualIPA]] . This [[idposition]], the of dominance has enabled [[moralisticego-psychology]] to [[superegopresent]] and itself as the inheritor of [[externalFreud]] ian [[realitypsychoanalysis]], more attention began to be paid to in its purist [[developmentform]] , when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[structureFreud]]'s work.

==History For much of Ego-Psychology==his professional [[life]], [[Lacan]] disputed [[Anna Freudego-psychology]]'s book ''[[The Ego and claim]] to be the [[true]] heir to the Mechanisms of Defence[[Freudian]] legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'' (1936) s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers. <!-- After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the first works [[IPA]] in 1953, he was free to focus almost entirely on the [[voice]] his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]]openly, and during the trend became firmly established in rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of [[Lacan]]ian [[theory]] cannot be properly [[understood]] without reference to the [[ideas]] of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. --><!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this [[particular]] [[school]] of [[thought]]. [[Heinz HartmannLacan]]'s ''presents both [[Ego Psychology ego-psychology]] and the Problem [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of Adaptationtrue psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the [[culture]]'' of the United States (1939see [[factor c]]), which is . [[Lacan]]'s powerful critique has meant that few [[people]] now regarded as accept uncritically the foundational text claims of [[ego-psychology]]to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->

==Criticism==[[EgoLacan]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the [[ego-psychology|ego-psychologist]] was taken to 's [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of the [[United Statesego]] by . How, asks Lacan, can they [[know]] which "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan]] challenged all the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]], such as the late 1930s, concepts of [[adaptation]] and since the early 1950s it has been [[autonomous ego]]. Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]'s [[ego]]? Is the dominant school [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in to bring the [[United Statespatient]] but also in to see the whole world as the [[analyst]] sees it? [[Lacan]] traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to the [[IPAidea]] that there is an "[[objective]]", "[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]].

This position of dominance has enabled For [[Lacan]], the [[ego-psychology]] to present itself as is the inheritor of [[Freudenemy]]ian . The origin of the [[psychoanalysisego]] is in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and the [[Freudmirror phase]]'s work. ==Jacques Lacan's Criticism==For much of his professional life, The [[Lacanmirror]] disputed , held by the [[ego-psychologymother]]'s claim to be , proffers the true heir to the Freudian legacy, even though developmentally half-formed and muscularly uncontrolled [[Lacanchild]]'s its first idea of itself as a [[analyststable]], [[Rudolph Loewensteinunified]], was one of [[ego-psychologyappearance]]'s founding fathers.  After The [[Lacanego]] was expelled from the is constituted by "[[IPAalienating]] in 1953, he was free to voice his criticisms of [[ego-psychologyidentification]] openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critiques".  Much [[Lacan]]'s own conception of the [[Lacanego]]ian theory cannot suggests that it must be properly understood without reference profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the ideas of [[ego-psychologysubject]] with which 's own [[Lacandesire]] contrasts it.  s from the [[Lacandesire]] challenged all the central concepts s of [[ego-psychologyothers]]. According to Lacan, such as the concepts of [[adaptationego]] and the is not [[autonomous ego|autonomous]].  His criticisms of , but subordinated and [[ego-psychologyalienation|alienated]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of to the people and [[IPAimage]] s with which was dominated by this particular it has [[identification|identified]] during its [[schooldevelopment]] of . He thought.  that an [[analysis]] had failed if it ended with the [[Lacananalysand]] presents both [[ego-psychologyidentification|identifying]] and with the [[IPAanalyst]] as . At the "antithesis" conclusion of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacantherapy]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by , what should have disappeared is the culture armour of the United States (see [[factor cego]]).  , the glass cage of [[Lacannarcissistic]]'s powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychologyillusion]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysiss."