Difference between revisions of "Ego-psychology"

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<!-- [[Ego-psychology]] has been - since its development in the 1930s - the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. -->
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==School==
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[[Ego-psychology]] is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topography]] and [[Anna Freud]]'s [[work]] on the [[ego]] and its [[defence]]s.  It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structure|structural model]] of the [[mind]], which focuses almost entirely on the function of the [[ego]] in mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]].
  
[[Ego-psychology]] is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topography]] and [[Anna Freud]]'s work on the [[ego]] and its [[defence]]s.
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[[Ego Psychology|Ego psychology]] developed in the United States in the years following the Second [[World]] War and focused on ways of strengthening the defence mechanisms of the [[conscious]] mind rather than the [[unconscious]] motivation of our actions, as in classical psychoanalysis.  
  
[[Ego-psychology]] holds that the [[ego]] has [[autonomous ego|autonomous energy and functions independently]].
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Rudolph [[Loewenstein]], Lacan's [[training]] analyst, had been one of the founding fathers of [[Ego Psychology|Ego psychology]], having fled [[Nazi]] [[persecution]] in the 1940s.  
  
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==Autonomous Ego==
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Founded by European immigrants, this [[school]] of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[adaptation|adjustment]] and [[adaptation]] of the [[individual]] to existing [[social]] [[conditions]].  In the view of the American [[analysts]] the [[ego]] is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the [[ego]] against the [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]].  [[ego-psychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]], [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], asserted that the [[ego]] had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's [[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts.  There was a [[conflict]]-free zone (the "[[autonomous ego]]"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.
  
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==Treatment==
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In their view the [[analyst]]'s [[role]] was to become an ally of the 'healthy' [[ego]] forces in their [[struggle]] to dominate [[instinct]]s and [[drive]]s.  It was said that the [[patient]], in [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous ego]]", should [[identify]] with the [[ego]] of the [[psychoanalyst]].  Hence it was the [[analyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]].
 +
<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939) is regarded as the foundational [[text]] of [[ego-psychology]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[ego]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the [[analyst]]. -->
  
=====History=====
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==History==
The principal theorists of [[ego-psychology]] are Heinz Hartmann, Rudolf Loewenstein and Ernst Kris; its main journal is the American-based ''Psychoanalytic Study of the Child'', published since 1945.
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[[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the [[whole]] of the [[IPA]].  This [[position]] of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]] to [[present]] itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist [[form]], when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s work.
  
 +
For much of his professional [[life]], [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s [[claim]] to be the [[true]] heir to the [[Freudian]] legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers.
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<!-- After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]] in 1953, he was free to [[voice]] his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of [[Lacan]]ian [[theory]] cannot be properly [[understood]] without reference to the [[ideas]] of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. -->
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<!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this [[particular]] [[school]] of [[thought]].  [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and the [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref>  [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the [[culture]] of the United States (see [[factor c]]).  [[Lacan]]'s powerful critique has meant that few [[people]] now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->
  
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==Criticism==
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[[Lacan]] attacks this position with many arguments.  First, he criticizes the [[ego-psychology|ego-psychologist]]'s [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of the [[ego]].  How, asks Lacan, can they [[know]] which "part" is "healthy"?  [[Lacan]] challenged all the central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]], such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]].  Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]'s [[ego]]?  Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to bring the [[patient]] to see the world as the [[analyst]] sees it?  [[Lacan]] traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to the [[idea]] that there is an "[[objective]]", "[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]].
  
 
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For [[Lacan]], the [[ego]] is the [[enemy]]. The origin of the [[ego]] is in the [[mirror phase]]. The [[mirror]], held by the [[mother]], proffers the developmentally half-formed and muscularly uncontrolled [[child]] its first idea of itself as a [[stable]] [[unified]] [[appearance]]. The [[ego]] is constituted by "[[alienating]] [[identification]]s".  [[Lacan]]'s own conception of the [[ego]] suggests that it must be profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the [[subject]]'s own [[desire]]s from the [[desire]]s of [[others]].
 
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According to Lacan, the [[ego]] is not [[autonomous ego|autonomous]], but subordinated and [[alienation|alienated]] to the people and [[image]]s with which it has [[identification|identified]] during its [[development]].  He thought that an [[analysis]] had failed if it ended with the [[analysand]] [[identification|identifying]] with the [[analyst]]. At the conclusion of [[therapy]], what should have disappeared is the armour of the [[ego]], the glass cage of [[narcissistic]] [[illusion]]s.
the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]).
 
 
 
===Structural Model of the Psyche===
 
[[Ego-psychology]] draws mainly on [[Freud]]'s [[structural model]] of the [[psyche]] -- comprising three agencies: the [[id]], the [[ego]], and the [[superego]].<ref>[[Freud]]'s [[structural model]] of the [[psyche]] was first put forward in ''[[The Ego and the Id]]'' (1923).</ref>
 
 
 
Since the [[ego]] plays a crucial role in mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]], more attention began to be paid to its [[development]] and [[structure]].
 
 
 
==History of Ego-Psychology==
 
[[Anna Freud]]'s book ''[[The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence]]'' (1936) was one of the first works to focus almost entirely on the [[ego]], and the trend became firmly established in [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939), which is now regarded as the foundational text of [[ego-psychology]].
 
 
 
[[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the whole of the [[IPA]].
 
 
 
This position of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]] to present itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s work.
 
 
 
==Jacques Lacan's Criticism==
 
For much of his professional life, [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s claim to be the true heir to the Freudian legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers.  
 
 
 
After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]] in 1953, he was free to voice his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique.
 
 
 
Much of [[Lacan]]ian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to the ideas of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it.
 
 
 
[[Lacan]] challenged all the central concepts of [[ego-psychology]], such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]].
 
 
 
His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this particular [[school]] of thought.  
 
 
 
[[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and the [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref>
 
 
 
[[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the culture of the United States (see [[factor c]]).
 
 
 
[[Lacan]]'s powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis."
 
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==
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Latest revision as of 23:01, 27 May 2019

French: [[psychologie du moi]]

School

Ego-psychology is a school of post-Freudian psychoanalysis, derived from child psychology, Freud's second topography and Anna Freud's work on the ego and its defences. It is based on an elaboration of Freud's structural model of the mind, which focuses almost entirely on the function of the ego in mediating between the conflicting demands of the instinctual id, the moralistic superego and external reality.

Ego psychology developed in the United States in the years following the Second World War and focused on ways of strengthening the defence mechanisms of the conscious mind rather than the unconscious motivation of our actions, as in classical psychoanalysis.

Rudolph Loewenstein, Lacan's training analyst, had been one of the founding fathers of Ego psychology, having fled Nazi persecution in the 1940s.

Autonomous Ego

Founded by European immigrants, this school of psychoanalysis overemphasized adjustment and adaptation of the individual to existing social conditions. In the view of the American analysts the ego is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the ego against the demands of the instinctual id, the moralistic superego and external reality. Ego-psychologists, like Heinz Hartmann, Ernst Kris and Rudolph Loewenstein, asserted that the ego had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's neurotic conflicts. There was a conflict-free zone (the "autonomous ego"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.

Treatment

In their view the analyst's role was to become an ally of the 'healthy' ego forces in their struggle to dominate instincts and drives. It was said that the patient, in order to strengthen his or her "autonomous ego", should identify with the ego of the psychoanalyst. Hence it was the analyst's job to develop a powerful ego.

History

Ego-psychology was taken to the United States by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of psychoanalysis not only in the United States but also in the whole of the IPA. This position of dominance has enabled ego-psychology to present itself as the inheritor of Freudian psychoanalysis in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and Freud's work.

For much of his professional life, Lacan disputed ego-psychology's claim to be the true heir to the Freudian legacy, even though Lacan's analyst, Rudolph Loewenstein, was one of ego-psychology's founding fathers.

Criticism

Lacan attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the ego-psychologist's concept of a "healthy part" of the ego. How, asks Lacan, can they know which "part" is "healthy"? Lacan challenged all the central concepts of ego-psychology, such as the concepts of adaptation and the autonomous ego. Does this not assume that the purpose of analysis is achieved by an identification with the analyst's ego? Is the goal of psychoanalysis to bring the patient to see the world as the analyst sees it? Lacan traces most of ego-psychology's problems and contradictions to the idea that there is an "objective", "knowable" reality.

For Lacan, the ego is the enemy. The origin of the ego is in the mirror phase. The mirror, held by the mother, proffers the developmentally half-formed and muscularly uncontrolled child its first idea of itself as a stable unified appearance. The ego is constituted by "alienating identifications". Lacan's own conception of the ego suggests that it must be profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the subject's own desires from the desires of others.

According to Lacan, the ego is not autonomous, but subordinated and alienated to the people and images with which it has identified during its development. He thought that an analysis had failed if it ended with the analysand identifying with the analyst. At the conclusion of therapy, what should have disappeared is the armour of the ego, the glass cage of narcissistic illusions.

See Also

References