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{{TopTopp}}[[psychologie ]] du moi{{Bottom}}

[[Ego-psychology]] is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund FreudPsychology|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child Ego psychology]], developed in the United States in the years following the Second [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topographyWorld]] War and [[Anna Freud]]'s work focused on ways of strengthening the defence mechanisms of the [[egoconscious]] and its mind rather than the [[defenceunconscious]]smotivation of our actions, as in classical psychoanalysis.

==Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this [[Freudschool]]'s of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[topologyadaptation|second topographyadjustment]] and [[adaptation]] of the [[humanindividual]] to existing [[psychesocial]] [[conditions]]. In the view of the American [[analysts]] -- divided into three distinct agencies: the [[idego]]is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the [[ego]] against the [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], and the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]. [[ego-psychology|Ego- is psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]], [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], asserted that the [[ego]] had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's [[structureneurosis|structural modelneurotic]] conflicts. There was a [[conflict]] from which -free zone (the "[[autonomous ego-psychology]] proceeds"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.

divided into three agencies: ==History==[[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the [[whole]] of the [[IPA]]. This [[position]] of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]] to [[present]] itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist [[form]], the id when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and the superego[[Freud]]'s work.

==Criticism==[[Lacan]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the [[ego-psychology|ego-psychologist]]'s [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of the [[ego]]. How, asks Lacan, can they [[know]] which "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan]] challenged all the central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]], such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]]. Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]'s [[ego]]? Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to bring the [[patient]] to see the world as the [[analyst]] sees it? [[Lacan]] traces most of [[ego- his psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to the [[idea]] that there is an "[structure[objective]]", "[[knowledge|structural modelknowable]]" [[reality]].

For [[Heinz HartmannLacan]] argued that , the     [[Ego-psychologyego]] holds that is the [[ego]] has [[autonomous ego|autonomous energy and functions independentlyenemy]].   =====History===== The principal theorists origin of the [[ego-psychology]] are Heinz Hartmann, Rudolf Loewenstein and Ernst Kris; its main journal is the American-based ''Psychoanalytic Study of the Child'', published since 1945.      the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPAmirror phase]]). ===Structural Model of the Psyche=== Since the The [[egomirror]] plays a crucial role in mediating between , held by the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[idmother]], proffers the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] developmentally half-formed and muscularly uncontrolled [[externalchild]] its first idea of itself as a [[realitystable]], more attention began to be paid to its [[developmentunified]] and [[structureappearance]]. ==History of Ego-Psychology==[[Anna Freud]]'s book ''[[ The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence]]'' (1936) was one of the first works to focus almost entirely on the [[ego]], and the trend became firmly established in [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939), which is now regarded as the foundational text of [[ego-psychology]]. [[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] constituted by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of "[[psychoanalysisalienating]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the whole of the [[IPAidentification]]s". This position of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]] to present itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[FreudLacan]]'s work. ==Jacques Lacan's Criticism==For much own conception of his professional life, [[Lacan]] disputed the [[ego-psychology]]'s claim to suggests that it must be the true heir profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the Freudian legacy, even though [[Lacansubject]]'s own [[analystdesire]], s from the [[Rudolph Loewensteindesire]], was one s of [[ego-psychologyothers]]'s founding fathers. After [[According to Lacan]] was expelled from , the [[IPAego]] in 1953, he was free to voice his criticisms of is not [[autonomous ego-psychology|autonomous]] openly, but subordinated and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique.  Much of [[Lacanalienation|alienated]]ian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to the ideas of people and [[ego-psychologyimage]] s with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it.  has [[Lacanidentification|identified]] challenged all the central concepts of during its [[ego-psychologydevelopment]], such as the concepts of . He thought that an [[adaptationanalysis]] and had failed if it ended with the [[autonomous egoanalysand]].  His criticisms of [[ego-psychologyidentification|identifying]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPAanalyst]] which was dominated by this particular [[school]] of thought.  [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and At the conclusion of [[IPAtherapy]] as , what should have disappeared is the "antithesis" armour of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> the [[Lacanego]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by , the culture glass cage of the United States (see [[factor cnarcissistic]]).  [[Lacanillusion]]'s powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis."