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{{TopTopp}}[[psychologie ]] du moi{{Bottom}}

<!-- [[Ego-psychology]] has been - since its development in the 1930s - the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. -->==School==[[Ego-psychology]] is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topography]] and [[Anna Freud]]'s [[work ]] on the [[ego]] and its [[defence]]s. It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structure|structural model]] of the [[mind]], which focuses almost entirely on the function of the [[ego]] in mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]].

It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structureEgo Psychology|structural modelEgo psychology]] of developed in the United States in the years following the Second [[mindWorld]], which focuses almost entirely War and focused on ways of strengthening the function defence mechanisms of the [[egoconscious]] in mediating between mind rather than the conflicting [[demandunconscious]]s motivation of the [[instinctual]] [[id]]our actions, the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]as in classical psychoanalysis.

Rudolph [[Heinz HartmannLoewenstein]], Lacan's ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptationtraining]]'' (1939) is regarded as analyst, had been one of the foundational text founding fathers of [[ego-Ego Psychology|Ego psychology]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to function autonomously and independently of mental conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], psychoanalytic treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, having fled [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptationNazi]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[egopersecution]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the [[analyst]]1940s.

==Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this [[school]] of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[adaptation|adjustment]] and [[adaptation]] of the [[individual]] to existing [[social]] [[conditions]]. In the view of the American [[analysts]] the [[ego]] is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the [[Lacanego]] against the [[demand]]'s of the [[analystinstinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]. [[ego-psychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]], [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of asserted that the [[ego-psychology]]had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's founding fathers[[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts. There was a [[conflict]]-free zone (the "[[autonomous ego]]"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.

Since ==Treatment==In their view the early 1950s it has been [[analyst]]'s [[role]] was to become an ally of the dominant school of 'healthy' [[psychoanalysisego]] not only forces in their [[struggle]] to dominate [[instinct]]s and [[drive]]s. It was said that the [[United Statespatient]] but also , in [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous ego]]", should [[identify]] with the whole [[ego]] of the [[IPApsychoanalyst]]. This position Hence it was the [[analyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]].<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939) is regarded as the foundational [[text]] of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to present itself as function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to expand the inheritor conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[FreudHartmann]]ian believed, [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist formfacilitates [[adaptation]], that is, when more effective mutual regulation of [[ego]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in fact there are radical differences between some which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of its tenets and the [[Freudanalyst]]'s work.-->

For much ==History==[[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of his professional life, [[Lacanpsychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the [[whole]] of the [[IPA]]. This [[position]] disputed of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]] to [[present]] itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist [[form]], when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s claim to be the true heir to the Freudian legacywork.

For much of his professional [[life]], [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s [[claim]] to be the [[true]] heir to the [[Freudian]] legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers. <!-- After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]] in 1953, he was free to [[voice ]] his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of [[Lacan]]ian [[theory]] cannot be properly [[understood]] without reference to the [[ideas]] of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. --><!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this [[particular]] [[school]] of [[thought]]. [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and the [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the [[culture]] of the United States (see [[factor c]]). [[Lacan]]'s powerful critique has meant that few [[people]] now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->

Much ==Criticism==[[Lacan]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the [[ego-psychology|ego-psychologist]]'s [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of the [[ego]]. How, asks Lacan, can they [[know]]which "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan]ian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to ] challenged all the ideas central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]], such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]]. Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with which the [[analyst]]'s [[ego]]? Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to bring the [[patient]] to see the world as the [[analyst]] sees it? [[Lacan]] contrasts ittraces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to the [[idea]] that there is an "[[objective]]", "[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]].

For [[Lacan]] challenged all , the [[ego]] is the central concepts [[enemy]]. The origin of the [[ego-psychology]] is in the [[mirror phase]]. The [[mirror]], held by the [[mother]], such as proffers the concepts developmentally half-formed and muscularly uncontrolled [[child]] its first idea of itself as a [[adaptationstable]] and the [[autonomous unified]] [[appearance]]. The [[ego]]is constituted by "[[alienating]] [[identification]]s".  His criticisms [[Lacan]]'s own conception of the [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of suggests that it must be profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the [[IPAsubject]] which was dominated by this particular 's own [[desire]]s from the [[schooldesire]] s of thought[[others]]. According to Lacan, the [[Lacanego]] presents both is not [[autonomous ego-psychology|autonomous]] , but subordinated and [[alienation|alienated]] to the people and [[IPAimage]]s with which it has [[identification|identified]] during its [[development]] as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref>  He thought that an [[Lacananalysis]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by had failed if it ended with the culture of [[analysand]] [[identification|identifying]] with the United States (see [[factor canalyst]]).   At the conclusion of [[Lacantherapy]]'s powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically , what should have disappeared is the claims armour of the [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis, the glass cage of [[narcissistic]] [[illusion]]s."