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{{Topp}}[[psychologie ]] du moi{{Bottom}}

==School==[[Ego-psychology]] is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topography]] and [[Anna Freud]]'s [[work ]] on the [[ego]] and its [[defence]]s. It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structure|structural model]] of the [[mind]], which focuses almost entirely on the function of the [[ego]] in mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]].

It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structureEgo Psychology|structural modelEgo psychology]] of developed in the United States in the years following the Second [[mindWorld]], which focuses almost entirely War and focused on ways of strengthening the function defence mechanisms of the [[egoconscious]] in mediating between mind rather than the conflicting [[demandunconscious]]s motivation of the [[instinctual]] [[id]]our actions, the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]as in classical psychoanalysis.

==Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this sort [[school]] of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[adaptation|adjustment ]] and [[adaptation ]] of the [[individual ]] to existing [[social ]] [[conditions]]. In the view of the American [[analysts]] the [[ego]] is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the [[ego]] against the [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]. [[ego-psychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]], [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], asserted that the [[ego]] had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's [[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts. There was a [[conflict]]-free zone (the "[[autonomous ego]]"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.

==Treatment==In their view the view [[analyst]]'s [[role]] was to become an ally of the American analysts 'healthy' [[ego]] forces in their [[struggle]] to dominate [[instinct]]s and [[drive]]s. It was said that the [[patient]], in [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous ego is to be protected]]", should [[identify]] with the [[ego]] of the [[psychoanalyst]]. Hence it was the [[analyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]].<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of analysis Adaptation]]'' (1939) is regarded as the foundational [[text]] of [[ego-psychology]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to reinforce expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[ego against the demands made ]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on it by the double call establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the superego and [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the id[[analyst]].-->

==History==[[Ego-psychologistspsychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, like Heinz Hartmann, Ernst Kris and Rudolph Loewenstein, asserted that since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the [[whole]] of the [[IPA]]. This [[position]] of dominance has enabled [[ego had an aspect that was not tied up with -psychology]] to [[present]] itself as the individualinheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist [[form]], when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s neurotic conflictswork.

There For much of his professional [[life]], [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s [[claim]] to be the [[true]] heir to the [[Freudian]] legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers. <!-- After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]] in 1953, he was free to [[voice]] his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a conflictsustained and powerful critique. Much of [[Lacan]]ian [[theory]] cannot be properly [[understood]] without reference to the [[ideas]] of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. -free zone (-><!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the "[[autonomous IPA]] which was dominated by this [[particular]] [[school]] of [[thought]]. [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]]and the [[IPA]] as the "antithesis"of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the [[culture]] of the United States (see [[factor c]]), which seemed free . [[Lacan]]'s powerful critique has meant that few [[people]] now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to act and choose, independent of constraintsidentify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->

In their view ==Criticism==[[Lacan]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the [[analystego-psychology|ego-psychologist]]'s role was to become an ally [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of the '[[ego]]. How, asks Lacan, can they [[know]] which "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan]] challenged all the central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]], such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]]. Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]' s [[ego]] forces in their struggle ? Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to bring the [[patient]] to dominate see the world as the [[analyst]] sees it? [[instinctLacan]]traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to the [[idea]] that there is an "[[driveobjective]]", "[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]]s.

It was said that the For [[patient]], in order to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous egoLacan]]", should identify with the [[ego]] of the [[psychoanalyst]]. Hence it was the [[analyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]].<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939) is regarded as the foundational text of [[ego-psychologyenemy]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements The origin of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to function autonomously and independently of mental conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], psychoanalytic treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[ego]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the [[analyst]]. --> <!-- [[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the whole of the [[IPAmirror phase]]. This position of dominance has enabled The [[ego-psychologymirror]] to present itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s work. For much of his professional life, [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s claim to be the true heir to held by the Freudian legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analystmother]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers. --> <!-- For much of his professional life, [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s claim to be proffers the true heir to the Freudian legacy. After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]] in 1953, he was free to voice his criticisms of [[egodevelopmentally half-psychology]] openly, formed and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of muscularly uncontrolled [[Lacanchild]]ian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to the ideas its first idea of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. --><!-- [[Lacan]] challenged all the central concepts of [[ego-psychology]], such itself as the concepts of a [[adaptationstable]] and the [[autonomous egounified]]. -->[[Lacanappearance]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the ego-psychologist's concept of a "healthy part" of the The [[ego]]. How, asks Lacan, can they know which "part" is constituted by "healthy"? Does this not assume that the purpose of [[analysisalienating]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]'s [[ego]]? Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to bring the [[patient]] to see the world as the [[analyst]] sees it? ". [[Lacan]] traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to own conception of the idea that there is an "objective", "[[knowledge|knowableego]]" [[reality]]. For Lacan, the ego is the enemy. The origin of the ego is in the mirror phase. The mirror, held by the mother, proffers the developmentally half-formed and muscularly uncontrolled child its first idea of itself as a stable unified appearance. The ego is constituted by "alienating identifications". Lacan's own conception of the ego suggests that it must be profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the [[subject]]'s own desires [[desire]]s from the desires [[desire]]s of [[others]].

According to Lacan, the [[ego ]] is not [[autonomous ego|autonomous]], but subordinated and [[alienation|alienated]] to the people and [[image]]s with which it has [[identification|identified]] during its [[development]]. He thought that an [[analysis]] had failed if it ended with the [[analysand]] [[identification|identifying]] with the [[analyst]]. At the conclusion of [[therapy]], what should have disappeared is the armour of the ego, the glass cage of narcissistic illusions. <!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of , the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this particular [[school]] glass cage of thought. [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and the [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the culture of the United States (see [[factor cnarcissistic]]). [[Lacanillusion]]'s powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->