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[[Ego-Psychology|Ego psychology]] (developed in the United States in the years following the Second [[:category:French|FrenchWorld]]:''psychologie du moi'') has been, since its development in the 1930s, War and focused on ways of strengthening the dominant school defence mechanisms of psychoanalysis in the [[International psychoanalytical Associationconscious]] (mind rather than the [[International psychoanalytical Association|IPAunconscious]])motivation of our actions, as in classical psychoanalysis.

It draws mainly on Rudolph [[FreudLoewenstein]], Lacan's structural model of the [[psychetraining]]analyst, which was first put forward in had been one of the founding fathers of [[The Ego and the Id]].<ref>1923b</ref> This model comprises three [[agencyPsychology|agenciesEgo psychology]]: the , having fled [[idNazi]], the [[egopersecution]] and in the [[superego]]1940s.

Since ==Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this [[school]] of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[adaptation|adjustment]] and [[adaptation]] of the [[individual]] to existing [[social]] [[conditions]]. In the view of the American [[analysts]] the [[ego]] plays a crucial role in mediating between is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the [[ego]] against the conflicting demands [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual ]] [[id]], the [[moralistic ]] [[superego ]] and [[external ]] [[reality]]. [[ego-psychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]], [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], more attention began asserted that the [[ego]] had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's [[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts. There was a [[conflict]]-free zone (the "[[autonomous ego]]"), which seemed free to be paid to its development act and structurechoose, independent of constraints.

==Treatment==In their view the [[Anna Freudanalyst]]'s book The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936) [[role]] was one to become an ally of the first works 'healthy' [[ego]] forces in their [[struggle]] to focus almost entirely on dominate [[instinct]]s and [[drive]]s. It was said that the [[patient]], in [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous ego]]", and should [[identify]] with the [[ego]] of the [[psychoanalyst]]. Hence it was the trend became firmly established in [[analyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]].<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation ]]'' (1939), which is now regarded as the foundational [[text ]] of [[ego-psychology]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning.By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[ego]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the [[analyst]]. -->

==History==[[Ego-psychology ]] was taken to the [[United States ]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis ]] not only in the [[United States ]] but also in the [[whole ]] of the [[IPA]]. This [[position ]] of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology ]] to [[present ]] itself as the inheritor of Freudian [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis ]] in its purist [[form]], when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s work.

For much of his professional [[life]], [[Lacan ]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s [[claim ]] to be the [[true ]] heir to the [[Freudian ]] legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers. <!-- After [[Lacan ]] was expelled from the [[IPA ]] in 1953, he was free to [[voice ]] his criticisms of [[ego- psychology ]] openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of Lacanian [[Lacan]]ian [[theory ]] cannot be properly [[understood ]] without reference to the [[ideas ]] of [[ego-psychology ]] with which [[Lacan ]] contrasts it. Lacan challenged all the central concepts of ego-psychology, such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]]. -><!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology ]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this [[particular ]] [[school ]] of [[thought]]. [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology ]] and the [[IPA ]] as the '"antithesis' " of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E, }} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the [[culture ]] of the United States (see [[factor c]]). [[Lacan]]'s powerful critique has meant that few [[people ]] now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology ]] to identify itself as '"classical psychoanalysis'." -->

==See AlsoCriticism==* [[Lacan]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the [[ego-psychology|ego-psychologist]]'s [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of the [[ego]]. How, asks Lacan, can they [[know]] which "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan]] challenged all the central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]], such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]]. Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]'s [[ego]]? Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to bring the [[patient]] to see the world as the [[analyst]] sees it? [[Lacan]] traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to the [[idea]] that there is an "[[objective]]", "[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]].

==See Also=={{See}}* [[Adaptation]]* [[Autonomous ego]]||* [[Factor C]]* [[Id]]||* [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]* [[Psychoanalysis]]||* [[Category:ImaginaryPsychology]]* [[Category:Freudian psychologySuperego]]{{Also}}

 ==See Also==   [[Category:Terms]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]]__NOTOC__