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''Pierre-Félix [[Guattari]]''' (April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a [[French ]] pioneer of institutional [[psychotherapy]], as well as the founder of both Schizoanalysis and Ecosophy.

Not very well known to the general [[public]], Pierre Félix Guattari was in the [[1960s]] to become a central [[figure ]] defining the events of [[May 1968]] and its aftermath. [[Born ]] in Villeneuve-les-Sablons, Oise, [[France]], Guattari first made his way into the [[history ]] of Psychiatry, Philosophy, and French [[Militancy]] with the meeting of [[Fernand Oury]], a craftsman engaged in the [[future ]] movement of institutional [[Pedagogy]]. Encouraged by the brother of Fernand, [[Jean Oury]], [[psychiatrist]], the young Guattari became impassioned from 1950 towards the [[practice ]] of [[psychiatry]]. Due to his frustrations with the theories and methods of French [[psychoanalyst]] [[Jacques Lacan]] -- in relation to whom he was both student and [[patient ]] ([[analysand]]) in the 1950s -- Guattari was further convinced that he needed to continue exploring as vast an array of domains as possible ([[philosophy]], [[ethnology]], [[linguistics]], [[architecture]], etc.,) in [[order ]] to better define the orientation, delimitation and [[psychiatric ]] efficacity of the practice. [[Psychoanalysis ]] was too authoritarian in its [[insistence ]] that the [[analyst ]] was somehow closer to the [[Truth ]] than the patient. Beyond this, as Guattari would later proclaim, psychoanalysis is "the best [[capitalist]] drug" because in it [[desire ]] is confined to a couch: [[desire, ]] in [[Lacanian ]] psychoanalysis, is an [[energy ]] that is contained rather than one that, if freed, could militantly engage itself in something different. He continued this research, collaborating in Jean Oury's private [[clinic ]] of [[La Borde]] at Court-Cheverny, one of the main centers of institutional psychotherapy at the [[time]]. La Borde was a venue for conversation amongst innumerable students of philosophy, [[psychology]], ethnology, and [[social work]]. La Borde was Félix Guattari's principal anchoring -- a [[refusal ]] to be anchored! -- until his [[death ]] in [[1992]].

From 1955 to 1965, Félix Guattari animated the [[trotskyist]] group ''Voie Communiste'' ("[[Communist ]] Way"). He would then support [[anticolonialist]] struggles as well as the Italian ''[[Autonomists]]''. Guattari also took part in the movement of the [[psychological ]] G.T., which gathered many psychiatrists at the beginning of the sixties and created the [[Association ]] of Institutional Psychotherapy in November [[1965]]. It was at the same time that he founded, along with [[other ]] militants, the F.G.E.R.I. (Federation of Groups for Institutional Study & Research) and its review research, [[working ]] on philosophy, [[mathematics]], psychoanalysis, education, architecture, ethnology, etc. The F.G.E.R.I. came to [[represent ]] aspects of the multiple [[political ]] and [[cultural ]] engagements of Félix Guattari: the Group for Young Hispanics, the Franco-Chinese Friendships (in the [[times ]] of the popular communes), the opposition activities with the wars in [[Algerian War of Independence|Algeria]] and Vietnam, the [[participation ]] in the M.N.E.F., with the U.N.E.F., the policy of the offices of psychological academic aid (B.A.P.U.), the organisation of the [[University ]] Working Groups (G.T.U.), but also the reorganizations of the [[training ]] courses with the Centers of Training to the Methods of Education Activities (C.E.M.E.A.) for psychiatric [[male ]] nurses, as well as the [[formation ]] of Friendly Male Nurses (Amicales d'infirmiers)(in [[1958]]), the studies on architecture and the projects of [[construction ]] of a day hospital of for "students and young [[workers]]".

Although heavily influenced by the [[work ]] of [[Lacan]], he would later come to take many distances with respect to the [[theoretical ]] elaboration of certain [[concepts ]] and practices. He was one of the actors in the events of May 1968, starting from the [[Movement of March 22]]. It was at this time that Guattari met [[Gilles Deleuze]] at the University of [[Vincennes ]] and began to lay the ground-work for the soon to be infamous ''[[Anti-Oedipus]]'' (1972). Throughout his career it may be said that his writings were at all times correspondent in one fashion or [[another ]] with sociopolitical and cultural engagements. In 1967, he appeared as one of the founders of OSARLA (Organization of [[solidarity ]] and Aid to the [[Latin]]-American [[Revolution]]). It was with the head office of the F.G.E.R.I. that he meet, in [[1968]], [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], [[Jean-Jacques Lebel]], and [[Julian Beck]]. In [[1970]], he created C.E.R.F.I. (Center for the Study and Research of Institutional Formation), which takes the direction of the Recherches review. In 1977, he created the CINEL for "new spaces of [[freedom]]" before joigning in the 1980s the [[ecological]] movement with his "[[ecosophy]]".

In his last book, ''Chaosmose'' ([[1992]]), the topic of which is already partially developed in ''What is Philosophy?'' (1991, with [[Deleuze]]), Félix Guattari takes again his essential topic: the question of [[subjectivity]]. "How to produce it, collect it, enrich it, reinvent it permanently in order to make it compatible with mutant Universes of [[value]]?" This [[idea ]] returns like a leitmotiv, from ''[[Psychanalyse ]] and transversality'' (a regrouping of articles from [[1957]] to [[1972]]) through ''Années d'hiver'' ([[1980]] - [[1986]]) and ''Cartographies Schizoanalytique'' ([[1989]]). He insists on the function of "a-[[signification]]", which plays the [[role ]] of support for a subjectivity in act, starting from four parameters: "significative and [[semiotic]] flows, Phylum of Machanic Propositions, Existential Territories and Incorporeal Universes of Reference."

In 1995, the posthumous release ''Chaosophy'' featured Guattari's first collection of essays and interviews focuses on the French anti-psychiatrist and theorist's work as director of the experimental La Borde clinic and collaborator of [[philosopher ]] Gilles Deleuze. ''Chaosophy'' is a groundbreaking introduction to Guattari's theories on "schizo-[[analysis]]", a [[process ]] meant to replace [[Sigmund Freud]]'s [[interpretation ]] with a more pragmatic, experimental, and collective approach rooted in [[reality]]. Unlike [[Freud]], Guattari believes that [[schizophrenia]] is an extreme [[mental ]] [[state ]] co-existent with the capitalist [[system ]] itself. But [[capitalism ]] keeps enforcing [[neurosis]] as a way of maintaining normality. Guattari's post-[[Marxist ]] [[vision ]] of capitalism provides a new definition not only of mental [[illness]], but also of micropolitical means of [[subversion]]. It includes key essays such as "[[Balance]]-Sheet Program for [[Desiring ]] Machines," cosigned by Deleuze (with whom he coauthored Anti-[[Oedipus ]] and A Thousand Plateaus), and the provocative "Everybody Wants To Be a Fascist."

''Soft Subversions'' is another collection of Félix Guattari's essays, lectures, and interviews traces the militant anti-psychiatrist and theorist's [[thought ]] and [[activity ]] throughout the 1980s ("the winter years"). Concepts such as "micropolitics," "schizoanalysis," and "becoming-[[woman]]" open up new horizons for political and creative [[resistance ]] in the "postmedia era." Guattari's energetic [[analyses ]] of art, [[cinema]], youth [[culture]], [[economics]], and [[power ]] [[formations ]] introduce a radically inventive thought process engaged in liberating subjectivity from the standardizing and homogenizing [[processes ]] of [[global ]] capitalism.

*''[[Kafka]]: Towards a Minor [[Literature]]''

(these are the [[English ]] translations; dates are from French editions.)

*''[[Three ]] Ecologies'' ([[2000]])