Changes

==Jacques Lacan==From his doctoral dissertation in 1932 on, one of the central quests which animates [[Lacan]]'s work is that of identifying a specific psychical cause for [[psychosis]]. <ref>{{1932}}</ref>

==The Exclusion Later on in his [[Works of the Father==As early as 1938 Jacques Lacan|work]], when [[Lacan relates the origin of psychosis to an exclusion of ]] distinguishes between the [[real]], [[imaginary]] and [[symbolic]] [[father from the family structure]], with he specifies that it is the consequent reduction [[absence]] of the latter [[symbolic]] [[father]] which is linked to mother-child relations (Lacan, 1938: 49)[[psychosis]].

Later ==The Freudian concept of ''Verwerfung''==[[Freud]] uses the term ''[[foreclosure|Verwerfung]]''<ref>Translated as "[[foreclosure|repudiation]]" in the [[Standard Edition]]</ref> in a number of disparate ways, but [[Lacan]] focuses on one in particular: namely, the sense of a specific [[defence mechanism]] which is distinct from [[repression]] (''[[repression|Verdrängung]]''), in which "the ego rejects the incompatible idea together with its affect and behaves as if the idea had never occurred to the ego at all."<ref>{{F}} "[[Work of Sigmund Freud|The Neuro-Psychoses of Defence]]", 1894a: [[SE]] III, 58</ref>  In 1954, basing himself on a reading of the "[[Wolf Man]]" case history,<ref>{{F}} "[[Work of Sigmund Freud|From the History of an Infantile Neurosis]]," 1918b: [[SE]] XVII, 79-80</ref> [[Lacan]] identifies ''[[foreclosure|Verwerfung]]'' as the specific mechanism of [[psychosis]], in which an element is rejected outside the [[symbolic order]] just as if it had never [[existence|existed]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 386-7; {{S1}} p. 57-9</ref>  At this time [[Lacan]] proposes various ways of translating the term ''[[Foreclosure|Verwerfung]]'' into [[French]], rendering it as ''rejet'', ''refus'' and ''retranchement''.<ref>{{S1}} p. 43; {{Ec}} p.386</ref>  It is not until 1956 that [[Lacan]] proposes the term ''[[foreclosure|forclusion]]'' (a term in use in the French legal system; in [[English]], "[[foreclosure]]") as the best way of translating ''[[foreclosure|Verwerfung]]'' into [[French]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 321</ref> It is this term that [[Lacan]] continues to use for the rest of his work. ===Name-of-the-Father===In 1954, when [[Lacan distinguishes between ]] first turns to the [[Freud]]ian concept of ''[[foreclosure|Verwerfung]] in his search for a specific [[defence|mechanism]] for [[psychosis]], it is not clear exactly what is repudiated; it can be [[castration]] that is repudiated, or [[speech]] itself, or "the realgenital plane".<ref>{{S1}} p. 53, imaginary and symbolic father58</ref>  [[Lacan]] finds a solution to the problem at the end of 1957, when he specifies proposes the idea that it is the absence [[Name-of -the symbolic father which -Father]] (a [[fundamental signifier]]) that is linked to psychosisthe [[object]] of [[foreclosure]].<ref>{{E}} p.217</ref>

==The Freudian concept In this way [[Lacan]] is able to combine in one formula both of ''Verwerfung''==Freud uses the term ''Verwerfung'' (translated as 'repudiation' in themes that had previously dominated his thinking on the Standard Edition) in a number [[causality]] of disparate ways [[psychosis]] (see Laplanche and Pontalis, 1967: 166), but Lacan focuses on one in particular: namely, the sense [[absence]] of a specific defence mechanism which is distinct from repression (Verdr‰ngung), in which 'the ego rejects the incompatible idea together with its affect [[father]] and behaves as if the idea had never occurred to the ego at all' (Freud, 1894a: SE III, 58). In 1954, basing himself on a reading concept of the 'Wolf Man' case history (see Freud, 1918b: SE XVII, 79-80), Lacan identifies [[foreclosure|Verwerfung as the specific mechanism of psychosis, in which an element is rejected outside the symbolic order just as if it had never existed (Ec, 386-7; Sl, 57-9]]'').

At this time Lacan proposes various ways This formula remains at the heart of translating the term Verwerfung into French, rendering it as rejet, refus (Sl, 43) and retranchement (Ec, 386). It is not until 1956 that [[Lacan proposes the term forclusion (a term in use in the French legal system; in English, ]]'foreclosure ) as the best way of translating Verwerfung into French (S3, 321). It is this term that Lacan continues to use for s thinking on [[psychosis]] throughout the rest of his [[Work of Jacques Lacan|work]].

In 1954, when Lacan first turns to ===Psychotic Structure===When the Freudian concept [[Name-of Verwerfung in his search -the-Father]] is [[foreclosed]] for a specific mechanism for psychosisparticular [[subject]], it is not clear exactly what is repudiatedleaves a hole in the [[symbolic order]] which can never be filled; it the [[subject]] can then be castration that is repudiated, or speech itself (Sl, 53), or 'the genital plane' (Sl, 58). Lacan finds said to have a solution to the problem at the end of 1957[[psychotic]] [[structure]], when even if he proposes the idea that it is the NAME-OF-THE-FATHER (a fundamental signifier) that is the object of foreclosure (E, 217). In this way Lacan is able to combine in one formula both shows none of the themes that had previously dominated his thinking on the causality of psychosis (the absence of the father and the concept of Verwerfung). This formula remains at the heart classical [[sign]]s of Lacan's thinking on [[psychosis throughout the rest of his work]].

When the Name-of-the-Father is foreclosed for a particular subject, it leaves a hole in the symbolic order which can never be filled; the subject can then be said to have a psychotic structure, even if he shows none of the classical signs of psychosis. Sooner or later, when the foreclosed [[Name-of-the-Father ]] reappears in the [[real]], the [[subject ]] is unable to assimilate it, and the result of this '"collision with the inassimilable signifier' (S3, 321) " is the '"entry into psychosis' " proper, characterised typically by the onset of HALLUCINATIONS [[hallucinations]] and/or DELUSIONS[[delusions]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 321</ref>

===Repression, Negation, Projection===[[Foreclosure ]] is to be distinguished from other operations such as REPRESSION[[repression]], NEGATION[[negation]], and PROJECTION[[projection]].

[[Foreclosure ]] differs from [[repression ]] in that the [[foreclosed ]] [[signifier|element ]] is not buried in the [[unconscious ]] but expelled from the [[unconscious]].

[[Repression ]] is the operation which constitutes [[neurosis]], whereas [[foreclosure ]] is the operation which constitutes [[psychosis]].