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Foreclosure

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==Jacques Lacan==
From his [[doctoral dissertation]] in 1932 on,<ref>{{1932}}</ref> one of the central quests which animates [[Lacan]]'s [[work]] is that of [[identifying]] a specific [[psychical]] cause for [[psychosis]]. In the course of addressing this problem, two themes are constant.
==The Exclusion of the Father==
As early as 1938 [[Lacan]] relates the origin of [[psychosis]] to an [[exclusion]] of the [[father]] from the [[family]] [[structure]], with the consequent reduction of the latter to [[mother]]-[[child]] [[dual|relation]]s.<ref>{{1938}} p. 49</ref> Later on in his [[Works of Jacques Lacan|work]], when [[Lacan]] distinguishes between the [[real]], [[imaginary]] and [[symbolic]] [[father]], he specifies that it is the [[absence]] of the [[symbolic]] [[father]] which is linked to [[psychosis]].
f0reclOSure ==The Freudian concept of ''Verwerfung''==[[Freud]] uses the term ''[[foreclosure|Verwerfung]]''<ref>Translated as "[[foreclosure|repudiation]]" in the [[Standard Edition]]</ref> in a [[number]] of disparate ways, but [[Lacan]] focuses on one in [[particular]]: namely, the [[sense]] of a specific [[defence mechanism]] which is distinct from [[repression]] (forelusion''[[repression|Verdrängung]]'') From his doctoral dissertation , in 1932 which "the ego rejects the incompatible [[idea]] together with its [[affect]] and behaves as if the idea had never occurred to the ego at all."<ref>{{F}} "[[Work of Sigmund Freud|The Neuro-Psychoses of Defence]]", 1894a: [[SE]] III, 58</ref> In 1954, basing himself ona [[reading]] of the "[[Wolf Man]]" [[case]] [[history]],<ref>{{F}} "[[Work of Sigmund Freud|From the History of an Infantile Neurosis]]," 1918b: [[SE]] XVII, 79-80</ref> [[Lacan]] [[identifies]] ''[[foreclosure|Verwerfung]]'' as the specific [[mechanism]] of [[psychosis]],in which an element is rejected [[outside]] the [[symbolic order]] just as if it had never [[existence|existed]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 386-7; {{S1}} p. 57-9</ref>
one At this [[time]] [[Lacan]] proposes various ways of translating the central quests which animates term ''[[Foreclosure|Verwerfung]]'' into [[French]], rendering it as ''rejet'', ''refus'' and ''retranchement''.<ref>{{S1}} p. 43; {{Ec}} p. 386</ref> It is not until 1956 that [[Lacan]] proposes the term 's work '[[foreclosure|forclusion]]'' (a term in use in the French [[legal]] [[system]]; in [[English]], "[[foreclosure]]") as the best way of translating ''[[foreclosure|Verwerfung]]'' into [[French]].<ref>{{S3}} p. 321</ref> It is this term that [[Lacan]] continues to use for the rest of identifyinghis work.
==Name-of-the-Father==In 1954, when [[Lacan]] first turns to the [[Freud]]ian [[concept]] of ''[[foreclosure|Verwerfung]]'' in his [[search]] for a specific psychical cause [[defence|mechanism]] for PSYCHOSIs[[psychosis]], it is not clear exactly what is repudiated; it can be [[castration]] that is repudiated, or [[speech]] itself, or "the [[genital]] plane". <ref>{{S1}} p. 53, 58</ref> [[Lacan]] finds a solution to the problem at the end of 1957, when he proposes the idea that it is the [[Name-of-the-Father]] -- a [[fundamental signifier]] -- that is the [[object]] of [[foreclosure]].<ref>{{E}} p. 217</ref> In this way [[Lacan]] is able to combine in one [[formula]] both of the themes that had previously dominated his [[thinking]] on the [[causality]] of [[psychosis]] -- the [[absence]] of the [[father]] and the course concept of addressing this''[[foreclosure|Verwerfung]]''. This formula remains at the heart of [[Lacan]]'s thinking on [[psychosis]] throughout the rest of his [[Work of Jacques Lacan|work]].
problem===Psychotic Structure===When the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is [[foreclosed]] for a particular [[subject]], two themes are constantit leaves a [[hole]] in the [[symbolic order]] which can never be filled; the [[subject]] can then be said to have a [[psychotic]] [[structure]], even if he shows none of the classical [[sign]]s of [[psychosis]]. Sooner or later, when the foreclosed [[Name-of-the-Father]] reappears in the [[real]], the [[subject]] is unable to assimilate it, and the result of this "collision with the inassimilable signifier" is the "entry into psychosis" proper, characterised typically by the onset of [[hallucinations]] and/or [[delusions]].<ref>{{S3}} p.321</ref>
===Repression, Negation, Projection===
[[Foreclosure]] is to be distinguished from [[other]] operations such as [[repression]], [[negation]], and [[projection]]. [[Foreclosure]] differs from [[repression]] in that the [[foreclosed]] [[signifier|element]] is not buried in the [[unconscious]] but expelled from the [[unconscious]]. [[Repression]] is the operation which constitutes [[neurosis]], whereas [[foreclosure]] is the operation which constitutes [[psychosis]].
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Absence]]
* [[Castration]]
* [[Cause]]
* [[Defence]]
||
* [[Delusion]]
* [[Dual relation]]
* [[Existence]]
* [[Negation]]
||
* [[Projection]]
* [[Repression]]
* [[Signifier]]
* [[Speech]]
||
* [[Structure]]
* [[Subject]]
* [[Symbolic]]
* [[Psychosis]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Symbolic]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
  e The exclusion of the FATHER As early as 1938 Lacan relates the origin of psychosis to an exclusion of the father from the family structure, with the consequent reduction of the latter to mother-child relations (Lacan, 1938: 49).  Later on in his work, when Lacan distinguishes between the real, imaginary       and symbolic father, he specifies that it is the absence of the symbolic father  which is linked to psychosis.      . The Freudian concept of Verwerfung Freud uses the term Verwerfung  (translated as 'repudiation' in the Standard Edition) in a number of disparate  ways (see Laplanche and Pontalis, 1967: 166), but Lacan focuses on one in  particular: namely, the sense of a specific defence mechanism which is distinct  from repression (Verdr‰ngung), in which 'the ego rejects the incompatible  idea together with its affect and behaves as if the idea had never occurred to  the ego at all' (Freud, 1894a: SE III, 58). In 1954, basing himself on a reading  of the 'Wolf Man' case history (see Freud, 1918b: SE XVII, 79-80), Lacan  identifies Verwerfung as the specific mechanism of psychosis, in which an  element is rejected outside the symbolic order just as if it had never existed  (Ec, 386-7; Sl, 57-9). At this time Lacan proposes various ways of translating  the term Verwerfung into French, rendering it as rejet, refus (Sl, 43) and  retranchement (Ec, 386). It is not until 1956 that Lacan proposes the term forclusion (a term in use in the French legal system; in English, 'foreclosure )  as the best way of translating Verwerfung into French (S3, 321). It is this term  that Lacan continues to use for the rest of his work.  In 1954, when Lacan first turns to the Freudian concept of Verwerfung in his  search for a specific mechanism for psychosis, it is not clear exactly what is  repudiated; it can be castration that is repudiated, or speech itself (Sl, 53), or  'the genital plane' (Sl, 58). Lacan finds a solution to the problem at the end of  1957, when he proposes the idea that it is the NAME-OF-THE-FATHER (a funda-  mental signifier) that is the object of foreclosure (E, 217). In this way Lacan is  able to combine in one formula both of the themes that had previously  dominated his thinking on the causality of psychosis (the absence of the father  and the concept of Verwerfung). This formula remains at the heart of Lacan's  thinking on psychosis throughout the rest of his work.  When the Name-of-the-Father is foreclosed for a particular subject, it leaves  a hole in the symbolic order which can never be filled; the subject can then be  said to have a psychotic structure, even if he shows none of the classical signs  of psychosis. Sooner or later, when the foreclosed Name-of-the-Father re-  appears in the real, the subject is unable to assimilate it, and the result of  this 'collision with the inassimilable signifier' (S3, 321) is the 'entry into  psychosis' proper, characterised typically by the onset of HALLUCINATIONS  and/or DELUSIONS.  Foreclosure is to be distinguished from other operations such aS REPRESSION,  NEGATION, and PROJECTION.      e Repression Foreclosure differs from repression in that the foreclosed  element is not buried in the unconscious but expelled from the unconscious.  Repression is the operation which constitutes neurosis, whereas foreclosure is  the operation which constitutes psychosis.__NOTOC__
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