: [[Fr]]. ''{{Top}}frustrate|frustration''{{Bottom}}
==Psychoanalysis==The [[English ]] term "[[frustration]]" came into increasing prominence in certain branches of [[psychoanalytic theory]] in the 1950s, together with a shift in emphasis from the [[Oedipus complex|Oedipal]] [[structure|triangle]] to the [[mother]]-[[child]] [[dual relation|relation]].
The English term '==Biological Need==In this context, [[frustration' came into increasing prominence in certain branches ]] was generally [[understood]] as the [[act]] whereby the [[mother]] denies the [[child]] the [[object]] which would satisfy one of psychoanalytic theory his [[biology|biological]] [[need]]s. To [[frustrate]] a [[child]] in the 1950s, together with this way was [[thought]] by some [[analyst]]s to be a shift major factor in emphasis from the Oedipal triangle to the mother-child relationaetiology of [[neurosis]].
In ==Sigmund Freud====''Versagung''=="[[Frustration]]" is also the term which the ''[[Standard Edition]]'' uses to translate [[Freud]]'s term ''[[Frustration|Versagung]]''. While this contextterm is not extremely prominent in [[Freud]]'s [[work]], it does [[form]] part of his [[theoretical]] [[vocabulary]]. At a first glance, indeed, it may appear that [[Freud]] discusses [[frustration was generally understood as ]] in the act whereby way described above. For example he certainly attributes to [[frustration]] an important [[place]] in the MOTHER denies aetiology of [[symptom]]s, [[stating]] that "it was a frustration that made the child the object which would satisfy one patient ill."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Lines of his biological NEEDSAdvance in Psycho-Analytic Therapy]]," 1919a [1918]. [[SE]] XVII, 162. </ref>
To frustrate a child ==Jacques Lacan==Hence when [[Lacan]] argues that the term "[[frustration]]" is "quite simply [[absent]] from Freud's work,"<ref>{{S3}} p.235</ref> what he means is that the [[Freud]]ian [[concept]] of ''[[Frustration|Versagung]]'' does not correspond to the concept of [[frustration]] as described in the above paragraph. [[Lacan]] argues that those who have theorized the concept of [[frustration]] in this way was thought have, by some analysts to be deviating from [[Freud]]'s work, led [[psychoanalytic theory]] into a series of impasses.<ref>{{S4}} p. 180</ref> Thus in the [[seminar]] of 1956-7 he seeks a major factor way of reformulating the concept in accordance with the aetiology [[logic]] of neurosis[[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalytic theory|theory]].
-------=="Lack of Object"=='Frustration' is also [[Lacan]] begins by classifying [[frustration]] as one of the term which the Standard Edition uses to translate Freud's term Versagung[[three]] types of "[[lack|lack of object]]," distinct from both [[castration]] and [[privation]].
While this term ==Demand for Love==Although he concedes that [[frustration]] is at the heart of the primary relations between [[mother]] and [[child]],<ref>{{S4}} p. 66</ref> he argues that [[frustration]] does not extremely prominent in Freud'concern [[biology|biological]] [[need]]s workbut the [[demand]] for [[love]]. This is not to say that [[frustration]] has [[nothing]] to do with a [[real]] [[object]] capable of [[satisfying]] a [[need]] (e.g. a [[breast]], or a feeding bottle); on the contrary, such an [[object]] is certainly involved, it does form part of his theoretical vocabularyat least at first.<ref>{{S4}} p. 66</ref>
At ==Symbolic Function==However, what is important is that the [[real]] function of this [[object]] (to [[satisfaction|satisfy]] a first glance[[need]], indeedsuch as hunger) is soon completely overshadowed by its [[symbolic]] function, namely, the fact that it may appear that Freud discusses frustration in functions as a [[symbol]] of the way described above[[mother]]'s [[love]].<ref>{{S4}} p.180-2</ref> The [[object]] is thus valued more for [[being]] a [[symbolic]] [[object|gift]] than for its capacity to [[satisfy]] a [[need]].
For example he certainly attributes ==Legal Order==As a [[gift]], it is inscribed in the [[symbolic order|symbolic network]] of [[law]]s which regulate the circuit of exchanges, and thus seen as something to frustration an important place which the [[subject]] has a legitimate [[claim]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 101</ref> [[Frustration]], properly [[speaking]], can only occur in the aetiology context of symptomsthis [[law|legal]] [[order]], stating and thus when the [[object]] which the [[infant]] [[demand]]s is not provided, one can only [[speak]] of [[frustration]] when the [[infant]] senses that 'it was has been wronged.<ref>{{S4}} p. 101</ref> In such a frustration that made [[case]], when the [[object]] is eventually provided, the patient ill' [[sense]] of wrong (Freudof broken promises, 1919a: SE XVIIof [[love]] withheld) persists in the [[child]], 162)who then consoles himself for this by [[enjoyment|enjoying]] the sensations which follow the [[satisfaction]] of the original [[need]].
Hence when Lacan argues that ==Refusal of Love==Thus, far from [[frustration]] involving the term 'frustration' is 'quite simply absent from Freud's work' (S3failure to [[satisfy]] a [[biological]] [[need]], 235), what he means it often involves precisely the opposite; a [[biological]] [[need]] is that the Freudian concept of Versagung does not correspond [[satisfied]] as a vain attempt to compensate for the concept of [[true]] [[frustration as described in ]], which is the above paragraph[[refusal]] of [[love]].
Lacan argues ==Psychoanalytic Treatment==[[Frustration]] plays an important [[role]] in [[psychoanalytic treatment]]. [[Freud]] noted that those who have theorised , to the extent that distressing [[symptom]]s [[disappear]] as the [[treatment]] progresses, the [[patient]]'s motivation to continue the [[treatment]] tends to diminish accordingly. In order, therefore, to avoid the concept risk of frustration in this way havethe [[patient]] losing motivation altogether and breaking off the [[treatment]] prematurely, by deviating from [[Freud]] recommended that the [[analyst]] must "re-instate [the patient's worksuffering] elsewhere in the form of some appreciable privation."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Lines of Advance in Psycho-Analytic Therapy]], led psychoanalytic theory into a series of impasses (S4" 1919a [1918]. [[SE]] XVII, 180)163. </ref>
Thus in This technical advice is generally known as the seminar rule of 1956-7 he seeks a [[frustration|abstinence]], and implies that the [[analyst]] must continually [[frustrate]] the [[patient]] by refusing to gratify his [[demand]]s for [[love]]. In this way of reformulating , "the concept patient's need and longing should be allowed to persist in her, in accordance with the logic order to serve as forces impelling her to do work and to make changes."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Freudian theorySigmund Freud|Observations on Transference Love]]," 1915a. [[SE]] XII, 165</ref>
==Jacques Lacan==
While [[Lacan]] agrees with [[Freud]] that the [[analyst]] must not gratify the [[analysand]]'s [[demand]]s for [[love]], he argues that this [[act]] of [[frustration]] is not to be seen as an end in itself. Rather, [[frustration]] must be seen simply as a means to enable the [[signifier]]s of previous [[demand]]s to appear.
-------<blockquote>"The analyst is he who supports the demand, not, as has been said, to frustrate the subject, but in order to allow the [[signifiers]] in which his frustration is bound up to reappear."<ref>{{E}} p. 255</ref></blockquote>
The aim of the [[analyst]] is, by supporting the [[analysand]]'s [[demand]]s in a [[state]] of [[frustration]], to go beyond [[demand]] and [[cause]] the [[analysand]]'s [[desire]] to appear.<ref>{{E}} p. 276</ref>
==Communication==[[Lacan begins by classifying ]] differs from [[Freud]] in the way he theorizes the rule of [[frustration as one |abstinence]]. For [[Freud]], the rule of [[frustration|abstinence]] primarily concerned the three types of [[analysand]]'s [[frustration|abstinence]] from [[sexual]] [[activity]]; if a [[patient]] implores the [[analyst]] to make [[love]] to her, the [[analyst]] must [[frustrate]] her by refusing to do so. While [[Lacan]] agrees with this advice, he stresses that there is a much more common [[demand]] that the [[analyst]] can also [[frustrate]] -- the [[analysand]]'lack s [[demand]] for a reply. The [[analysand]] expects the [[analyst]] to follow the rules of objecteveryday [[communication|conversation]]. By refusing to follow these rules -- remaining silent when the [[analysand]] asks a question, or taking the [[analysand]]', distinct from both castration and privation (see LACK)s [[word]]s in a way [[other]] than that in which they were intended -- the [[analyst]] has a powerful means at his disposal for [[frustrating]] the [[analysand]].
Although he concedes ==Anxiety==There is [[another]] way that frustration the [[analyst]] [[frustrates]] the [[analysand]] which [[Lacan]] mentions in 1961. This is at the heart [[analyst]]'s refusal to give the [[sign]]al of [[anxiety]] to the [[analysand]] - -the [[absence]] of [[anxiety]] in the primary relations between mother and child (S4[[analyst]] at all [[times]], 66), he argues even when the [[analysand]] [[demand]]s that the [[analyst]] [[experience]] [[anxiety]]. [[Lacan]] suggests that this may be the most fruitful of all forms of [[frustration does not concern biological needs but the DEMAND for love]] in [[psychoanalytic treatment]].
This is not to s.ay that frustration has nothing to do with a real object capable of satisfying a need (e.g. a breast, or a feeding bottle); on the contrary, such an object is certainly involved, at least at first (S4, 66). ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Absence]]* [[Analysand]]* [[Analyst]]||* [[Anxiety]]* [[Castration]]* [[Demand]]||* [[Desire]]* [[Lack]]* [[Love]]||* [[Need]]* [[Privation]]* [[Treatment]]{{Also}}
However, what is important is that the real function of this object (to satisfy a need, such as hunger) is soon completely overshadowed by its symbolic function, namely, the fact that it functions as a symbol of the mother's love (S4, 180==References==<div style="font-2). size:11px" class="references-small"><references/></div>
The object is thus valued more for being a symbolic gift than for its capacity to satisfy a need. As a gift, it is inscribed in the symbolic network of laws which regulate the circuit of exchanges, and thus seen as something to which the subject has a legitimate claim (S4, 101). Frustration, properly speaking, can only occur in the context of this legal order, and thus when the object which the infant demands is not provided, one can only speak of frustration when the infant senses that it has been wronged (S4, 101). In such a case, when the object is eventually provided, the sense of wrong (of broken promises, of love withheld) persists in the child, who then consoles himself for this by enjoying the sensations which follow the satisfaction of the original need. Thus, far from frustration involving the failure to satisfy a biological need, it often involves precisely the opposite; a biological need is satisfied as a vain attempt to compensate for the true frustration, which is the refusal of love. ------- Frustration plays an important role in psychoanalytic treatment. Freud noted that, to the extent that distressing symptoms disappear as the treatment progresses, the patient's motivation to continue the treatment tends to diminish accordingly. In order, therefore, to avoid the risk of the patient losing motivation altogether and breaking off the treatment prematurely, Freud recommended that the analyst must 're-instate [the patient's suffering[Category:Psychoanalysis]] elsewhere in the form of some appreciable privation' (Freud, 1919a: SE XVIi, 163). This technical advice is generally known as the rule of abstinence, and implies that the analyst must continually frustrate the patient by refusing to gratify his demands for love. In this way, 'the patient's need and longing should be allowed to persist in her, in order to serve as forces impelling her to do work and to make changes' (Freud, 1915a[[Category: SE XII, 165). -------While Jacques Lacan agrees with Freud that the analyst must not gratify the analysand's demands for love, he argues that this act of frustration is not to be seen as an end in itself. ]][[Category:Dictionary]]Rather, frustration must be seen simply as a means to enable the signifiers of previous demands to appear. [[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Practice]]'The analyst is he who supports the demand, not, as has been said, to frustrate the subject, but in order to allow the signifiers in which his frustration is bound up to reappear' (E, 255). [[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Terms]]The aim of the analyst is, by supporting the analysand's demands in a state of frustration, to go beyond demand and cause the analysand's desire to appear (E, 276). {{OK}}
-------Lacan differs from Freud in the way he theorises the rule of abstinence. For Freud, the rule of abstinence primarily concerned the analysand's abstinence from sexual activity; if a patient implores the analyst to make love to her, the analyst must frustrate her by refusing to do so. While Lacan agrees with this advice, he stresses that there is a much more common demand that the analyst can also frustrate - the analysand's demand for a reply. The analysand expects the analyst to follow the rules of everyday conversation. By refusing to follow these rules - remaining silent when the analysand asks a question, or taking the analysand's words in a way other than that in which they were intended - the analyst has a powerful means at his disposal for frustrating the analysand. ------ There is another way that the [[analyst]] [[frustrates]] the [[analysand]] which [[Lacan]] mentions in 1961. This is the [[analyst]]'s refusal to give the signal of [[anxiety]] to the [[analysand]] - the [[absence]] of [[anxiety]] in the [[analyst]] at all times, even when the [[analysand]] [[demand]]s that the [[analyst]] experience [[anxiety]]. [[Lacan]] suggests that this may be the most fruitful of all forms of [[frustration]] in [[psychoanalytic treatment]]. [[Category:Dictionary]]__NOTOC__
