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==Psychoanalysis==The [[English ]] term "[[frustration]]" came into increasing prominence in certain branches of [[psychoanalytic theory]] in the 1950s, together with a shift in emphasis from the [[Oedipus complex|Oedipal ]] [[structure|triangle ]] to the [[mother]]-[[child]] [[dual relation|relation]].

==Biological Need==In this context, [[frustration]] was generally [[understood ]] as the [[act ]] whereby the [[mother]] denies the [[child]] the [[object]] which would satisfy one of his [[biology|biological]] [[need]]s. To [[frustrate]] a [[child]] in this way was [[thought]] by some [[analyst]]s to be a major factor in the aetiology of [[neurosis]].

To ==Sigmund Freud====''Versagung''=="[[frustrateFrustration]] " is also the term which the ''[[Standard Edition]]'' uses to translate [[Freud]]'s term ''[[Frustration|Versagung]]''. While this term is not extremely prominent in [[Freud]]'s [[work]], it does [[form]] part of his [[theoretical]] [[vocabulary]]. At a first glance, indeed, it may appear that [[childFreud]] discusses [[frustration]] in this the way was thought by some analysts described above. For example he certainly attributes to be a major factor [[frustration]] an impor­tant [[place]] in the aetiology of [[neurosissymptom]]s, [[stating]] that "it was a frustration that made the patient ill."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Lines of Advance in Psycho-Analytic Therapy]]," 1919a [1918]. [[SE]]XVII, 162. </ref>

-------==Jacques Lacan==Hence when [[Lacan]] argues that the term "[[Frustrationfrustration]]" is also the term which "quite simply [[absent]] from Freud's work,"<ref>{{S3}} p.235</ref> what he means is that the [[Freud]]ian [[concept]] of ''[[Standard EditionFrustration|Versagung]]'' uses does not correspond to translate the concept of [[frustration]] as described in the above paragraph. [[Lacan]] argues that those who have theorized the concept of [[frustration]] in this way have, by deviating from [[Freud]]'s term ''work, led [[psychoanalytic theory]] into a series of impasses.<ref>{{S4}} p. 180</ref> Thus in the [[seminar]] of 1956-7 he seeks a way of reformulating the concept in accordance with the [[logic]] of [[Freud]]ian [[Frustrationpsychoanalytic theory|Versagungtheory]]''.

While this term is not extremely prominent in =="Lack of Object"==[[FreudLacan]] begins by classifying [[frustration]] as one of the [[three]] types of "[[lack|lack of object]]'s work, it does form part of his theoretical vocabulary" distinct from both [[castration]] and [[privation]].

At a first glance==Demand for Love==Although he concedes that [[frustration]] is at the heart of the primary relations between [[mother]] and [[child]], indeed, it may appear <ref>{{S4}} p. 66</ref> he argues that [[Freudfrustration]] does not concern [[biology|biological]] [[need]]s but the [[demand]] for [[love]] discusses . This is not to say that [[frustration]] in has [[nothing]] to do with a [[real]] [[object]] capable of [[satisfying]] a [[need]] (e.g. a [[breast]], or a feeding bottle); on the way described abovecontrary, such an [[object]] is certainly involved, at least at first.<ref>{{S4}} p. 66</ref>

For example he certainly attributes ==Symbolic Function==However, what is important is that the [[real]] function of this [[object]] (to [[frustrationsatisfaction|satisfy]] an impor­tant place in the aetiology of a [[need]], such as hunger) is soon completely overshadowed by its [[symptomsymbolic]]sfunction, namely, stating the fact that "it was functions as a frustration that made [[symbol]] of the patient ill[[mother]]'s [[love]]."<ref>{{FS4}} 1919ap. 180-2</ref> The [[object]] is thus valued more for [[SEbeing]] a [[symbolic]] [[object|gift]] than for its capacity to [[satisfy]] a [[need]] XVII, 162.</ref>

Hence ==Legal Order==As a [[gift]], it is inscribed in the [[symbolic order|symbolic network]] of [[law]]s which regulate the circuit of exchanges, and thus seen as something to which the [[subject]] has a legitimate [[claim]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 101</ref> [[Frustration]], properly [[speaking]], can only occur in the context of this [[law|legal]] [[order]], and thus when the [[Lacanobject]] argues that which the term "[[frustrationinfant]] [[demand]]" s is "quite simply absent from Freud's worknot provided,"one can only [[speak]] of [[frustration]] when the [[infant]] senses that it has been wronged.<ref>{{S3S4}} p.235101</ref> what he means In such a [[case]], when the [[object]] is that eventually provided, the [[Freudsense]]ian concept of ''wrong (of broken promises, of [[love]] withheld) persists in the [[child]], who then consoles himself for this by [Frustration[enjoyment|Versagungenjoying]]'' does not correspond to the concept sensations which follow the [[satisfaction]] of the original [[frustrationneed]] as described in the above paragraph.

==Refusal of Love==Thus, far from [[Lacanfrustration]] argues that those who have theorised involving the concept of failure to [[satisfy]] a [[biological]] [[frustrationneed]] in this way have, by deviating from it often involves precisely the opposite; a [[biological]] [[need]] is [[satisfied]] as a vain attempt to compensate for the [[true]] [[Freudfrustration]]'s work, led which is the [[psychoanalytic theoryrefusal]] into a series of impasses.<ref>{{S4}} p[[love]].180</ref>

Thus ==Psychoanalytic Treatment==[[Frustration]] plays an important [[role]] in [[psychoanalytic treatment]]. [[Freud]] noted that, to the extent that distressing [[symptom]]s [[disappear]] as the [[treat­ment]] progresses, the [[patient]]'s motivation to continue the [[seminartreatment]] tends to diminish accordingly. In order, therefore, to avoid the risk of 1956the [[patient]] losing motivation altogether and breaking off the [[treatment]] prematurely, [[Freud]] recommended that the [[analyst]] must "re-7 he seeks a way of reformulating instate [the concept patient's suffer­ing] elsewhere in accordance with the logic form of some appreciable privation."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Lines of Advance in Psycho-Analytic Therapy]]ian ," 1919a [1918]. [[psychoanalytic theory|theorySE]]XVII, 163. </ref>

==Jacques Lacan==While [[Lacan]] begins by classifying agrees with [[Freud]] that the [[frustrationanalyst]] as one of must not gratify the three types [[analysand]]'s [[demand]]s for [[love]], he argues that this [[act]] of "[[lack|lack of objectfrustration]]is not to be seen as an end in itself. Rather," distinct from both [[castrationfrustration]] and must be seen simply as a means to enable the [[signifier]]s of previous [[privationdemand]]s to appear.

Although <blockquote>"The analyst is he concedes that [[frustration]] is at who supports the demand, not, as has been said, to frustrate the heart of subject, but in order to allow the primary relations between [[mothersignifiers]] and [[child]],in which his frustration is bound up to reappear."<ref>{{S4E}} p.66255</ref> he argues that [[frustration]] does not concern [[biology|biological]] [[need]]s but the [[demand]] for [[love]]. </blockquote>

This The aim of the [[analyst]] is not to say that , by supporting the [[frustrationanalysand]] has nothing to do with a 's [[realdemand]] s in a [[objectstate]] capable of satisfying a [[needfrustration]] (e.g. a breast, or a feeding bottle); on to go beyond [[demand]] and [[cause]] the contrary, such an [[objectanalysand]]'s [[desire]] is certainly involved, at least at firstto appear.<ref>{{S4E}} p.66276</ref>

However, what is important is that the real function of this [[object]] (to [[satisfaction|satisfy]] a [[need]], such as hunger) is soon completely overshadowed by its symbolic function, namely, the fact that it functions as a [[symbol]] of the [[mother]]'s [[love]].<ref>{{S4}} p.180-2</ref> ==Communication== The [[objectLacan]] is thus valued more for being a symbolic gift than for its capacity to satisfy a [[need]].  As a gift, it is inscribed in the [[symbolic order|symbolic network]] of [[law]]s which regulate the circuit of exchanges, and thus seen as something to which the [[subject]] has a legitimate claim.<ref>{{S4}} p.101</ref>  [[Frustration]], properly speaking, can only occur in the context of this [[law|legal]] [[order]], and thus when the [[object]] which the [[infant]] [[demand]]s is not provided, one can only speak of [[frustration]] when the [[infant]] senses that it has been wronged.<ref>{{S4}} p.101</ref>  In such a case, when the [[object]] is eventually provided, the sense of wrong (of broken promises, of love withheld) persists in the [[child]], who then consoles himself for this by enjoying the sensations which follow the [[satisfaction]] of the original [[need]].  Thus, far differs from [[frustration]] involving the failure to satisfy a [[biological]] [[need]], it often involves precisely the opposite; a [[biological]] [[need]] is [[satisfied]] as a vain attempt to compensate for the true [[frustration]], which is the refusal of [[love]].  ------- [[Frustration]] plays an important role in [[psychoanalytic treatment]].  [[Freud]] noted that, to the extent that distressing [[symptom]]s disappear as the [[treat­ment]] progresses, the [[patient]]'s motivation to continue the [[treatment]] tends to diminish accordingly.  In order, therefore, to avoid the risk of the [[patient]] losing motivation altogether and breaking off the [[treatment]] prematurely, [[Freud]] recommended that the [[analyst]] must "re-instate [the patient's suffer­ing] elsewhere in the form of some appreciable privation."<ref>{{F}} 1919a. [[SE]] XVII, 163</ref> This technical advice is generally known as way he theorizes the rule of abstinence, and implies that the [[analyst]] must continually [[frustrate]] the [[patient]] by refusing to gratify his [[demand]]s for [[lovefrustration|abstinence]].  In this way, "the patient's need and longing should be allowed to persist in her, in order to serve as forces impelling her to do work and to make changes."<ref>{{F}} 1915a. [[SE]] XII, 165</ref> -------While [[Lacan]] agrees with For [[Freud]] that the [[analyst]] must not gratify the [[analysand]]'s [[demand]]s for love, he argues that this act of [[frustration]] is not to be seen as an end in itself.  Rather, [[frustration]] must be seen simply as a means to enable the [[signifier]]s rule of previous [[demand]]s to appear.  <blockquote>"The analyst is he who supports the demand, not, as has been said, to frustrate the subject, but in order to allow the signifiers in which his frustration is bound up to reappear."<ref>{{E}} p.255</ref></blockquote> The aim of the [[analyst|abstinence]] is, by supporting primarily concerned the [[analysand]]'s [[demand]]s in a state of [[frustration|abstinence]], to go beyond [[demand]] and cause the [[analysand]]'s [[desire]] to appear.<ref>{{E}} p.276</ref>  -------[[Lacan]] differs from [[Freudsexual]] in the way he theorises the rule of abstinence.  For [[Freud]], the rule of abstinence primarily concerned the [[analysandactivity]]'s abstinence from sexual activity; if a [[patient]] implores the [[analyst]] to make [[love]] to her, the [[analyst]] must [[frustrate]] her by refusing to do so.   While [[Lacan]] agrees with this advice, he stresses that there is a much more common [[demand]] that the [[analyst]] can also [[frustrate]] -- the [[analysand]]'s [[demand]] for a reply.   The [[analysand]] expects the [[analyst]] to follow the rules of everyday [[communication|conversation]].   By refusing to follow these rules -- remaining silent when the [[analysand]] asks a question, or taking the [[analysand]]'s words [[word]]s in a way [[other ]] than that in which they were intended -- the [[analyst]] has a powerful means at his disposal for [[frustrating]] the [[analysand]].  ------ There is another way that the [[analyst]] [[frustrates]] the [[analysand]] which [[Lacan]] mentions in 1961. This is the [[analyst]]'s refusal to give the signal of [[anxiety]] to the [[analysand]] - the [[absence]] of [[anxiety]] in the [[analyst]] at all times, even when the [[analysand]] [[demand]]s that the [[analyst]] experience [[anxiety]]. [[Lacan]] suggests that this may be the most fruitful of all forms of [[frustration]] in [[psychoanalytic treatment]].