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The word {{Top}}frustrate|frustration, now in common usage, refers to the state of someone who denies himself, or who is denied, drive satisfaction.{{Bottom}}

Beginning with ==Psychoanalysis==The [[English]] term "Heredity and Aetiology of the Neuroses" (1896a), a paper written in French, Freud identified sexual [[frustration as conducive to anxiety neurosis. In ]]"My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality came into increasing prominence in the Aetiology certain branches of Neuroses" (1906a), to refer to frustrated excitation, he used [[psychoanalytic theory]] in the word "frustrane1950s," together with a word probably formed shift in emphasis from the German verb "frustrieren" (to frustrate), which was in everyday usage. The German language has no equivalent to the substantive form "frustration," which was later used in English and the romance languages [[Oedipus complex|Oedipal]] [[structure|triangle]] to translate "Versagung," the word used by Freud in a slightly different sense from the meaning it then had of renunciation and sometimes refusal to describe frustration. Freud was aware of this difficulty and did not neglect to discuss it[[mother]]-[[child]] [[dual relation|relation]].

==Biological Need==In his article "Types of Onset of Neurosis" (1912c)this context, Freud used the word "[[frustration" (Versagung) for ]] was generally [[understood]] as the first time to describe both internal and external factors that cause neurosis. He wrote, "Psycho-analysis has warned us that we must give up [[act]] whereby the unfruitful contrast between external and internal factors, between experience and constitution, and has taught us that we shall invariably find [[mother]] denies the cause of [[child]] the onset [[object]] which would satisfy one of neurotic illness in his [[biology|biological]] [[need]]s. To [[frustrate]] a particular psychical situation which can be brought about [[child]] in a variety of ways" (p. 238). In essential particulars he continued to hold this view, going on way was [[thought]] by some [[analyst]]s to write, for example, about be a narcissistic form major factor in the aetiology of frustration[[neurosis]].

The concept of frustration seems ==Sigmund Freud====''Versagung''=="[[Frustration]]" is also the term which the ''[[Standard Edition]]'' uses to cover the idea of privationtranslate [[Freud]]'s term ''[[Frustration|Versagung]]''. While this term is not extremely prominent in [[Freud]]'s [[work]], while sometimes going beyond itdoes [[form]] part of his [[theoretical]] [[vocabulary]]. Freud was aware of At a conceptual difficulty herefirst glance, and indeed, it may appear that [[Freud]] discusses [[frustration]] in the way described above. For example he attributed its resolution certainly attributes to psychoanalysis rather to the innate genius of [[frustration]] an impor­tant [[place]] in the German language. In The Future aetiology of an Illusion (1927c), he wrote[[symptom]]s, [[stating]] that "For the sake of it was a uniform terminology we will describe the fact frustration that an instinct cannot be satisfied as a 'frustration,' made the regulation by which this frustration is established as a 'prohibition' and the condition which is produced by the prohibition as a 'privation' patient ill."<ref>{{F}} " (p. 10). Later [[Works of Sigmund Freud|Lines of Advance in this work he specified the drive urges subject to frustrationPsycho-Analytic Therapy]], prohibition, and privation: incestuous, murderous" 1919a [1918]. [[SE]] XVII, and cannibalistic wishes162.</ref>

In ==Jacques Lacan==Hence when [[Lacan]] argues that the view of English-language authors, Melanie Klein in particular, term "[[frustration incites the reality principle and modulates psychic functioning. ]]" is "Neurotic children do not tolerate reality wellquite simply [[absent]] from Freud's work, because they cannot tolerate frustrations. They protect themselves from reality by denying it"<ref>{{S3}} p. What 235</ref> what he means is fundamental and decisive for their future adaptability that the [[Freud]]ian [[concept]] of ''[[Frustration|Versagung]]'' does not correspond to reality is their greater or lesser capacity to tolerate the concept of [[frustration]] as described in the above paragraph. [[Lacan]] argues that those frustrations that arise out who have theorized the concept of the Oedipus situation" (Klein[[frustration]] in this way have, 1975by deviating from [[Freud]]'s work, ppled [[psychoanalytic theory]] into a series of impasses. 11-12)<ref>{{S4}} p. Here 180</ref> Thus in the feeling [[seminar]] of frustration appears to complement the idealizing impulse pointed out by Jean1956-Michel Petot (1982), who also suggested that 7 he seeks a way of reformulating the English term "deprivation" was closer to concept in accordance with the German Versagung[[logic]] of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalytic theory|theory]].

The connections made by Freud among frustration, prohibition, and privation form the basis for =="Lack of Object"==[[Lacan's discussion of the connections between castration, privation, and frustration in his seminar on the object relationship (1994). Frustration there appears as an imaginary formation caused ]] begins by the symbolic mother but related to the real breast; it prevents the subject from entering the symbolic dialectic of giving and exchange. Lacan writes, "Frustration essentially belongs to the realm of protest. It relates to something that is desired and not possessed but that is desired without reference to any possibility of gratification or acquisition. Frustration itself constitutes the realm of unbridled and lawless demands. This core of the concept of classifying [[frustration ]] as such is one of the categories [[three]] types of "[[lack and an imaginary damnation. It exists at the imaginary level." And later|lack of object]], "The early experience of frustration is only of importance distinct from both [[castration]] and interest insofar as it leads to one or other of the two levels that I have set out for you—castration or [[privation]]. In truth, castration is simply that which accords frustration its true place, transcending it and establishing it within a law that gives it another meaning."

Frustration ==Demand for Lacan Love==Although he concedes that [[frustration]] is nonetheless more than a mode at the heart of object relationship; it extends from an object relationship to the very organization of speech primary relations between [[mother]] and [[child]],<ref>{{S4}} p. 66</ref> he argues that [[frustration]] does not concern [[biology|biological]] [[need]]s but the ego[[demand]] for [[love]]. There This is an inherent not to say that [[frustration in the discourse ]] has [[nothing]] to do with a [[real]] [[object]] capable of [[satisfying]] a [[need]] (e.g. a [[breast]], or a feeding bottle); on the subjectcontrary, and the feeling of frustration such an [[object]] is a basic characteristic of the ego (Lacancertainly involved, 1994)at least at first. These propositions can be connected with Kleinian theories of the genesis and organization of the psychic apparatus<ref>{{S4}} p.66</ref>

It should be mentioned ==Symbolic Function==However, what is important is that on two occasions Lacan made Freud's use the [[real]] function of this [[object]] (to [[satisfaction|satisfy]] a [[need]], such as hunger) is soon completely overshadowed by its [[symbolic]] function, namely, the term frustration unnecessarily problematic. He asserted fact that it was functions as a [[symbol]] of marginal importance in Freudthe [[mother]]'s thought[[love]].<ref>{{S4}} p.180-2</ref> The [[object]] is thus valued more for [[being]] a [[symbolic]] [[object|gift]] than for its capacity to [[satisfy]] a [[need]].  ==Legal Order==As a [[gift]], whereas in fact it is central inscribed in the [[symbolic order|symbolic network]] of [[law]]s which regulate the circuit of exchanges, and thus seen as something to his thought which the [[subject]] has a legitimate [[claim]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 101</ref> [[Frustration]], properly [[speaking]], can only occur in the context of this [[law|legal]] [[order]], and Lacan himself deploys thus when the [[object]] which the [[infant]] [[demand]]s is not provided, one can only [[speak]] of [[frustration]] when the [[infant]] senses that it as has been wronged.<ref>{{S4}} p. 101</ref> In such a [[case]], when the [[object]] is eventually provided, the [[sense]] of wrong (1994 of broken promises, of [[1956-1957love]]withheld)persists in the [[child]], who then consoles himself for this by [[enjoyment|enjoying]] the sensations which follow the [[satisfaction]] of the original [[need]]. Ten years later ==Refusal of Love==Thus, far from correcting this viewpoint[[frustration]] involving the failure to [[satisfy]] a [[biological]] [[need]], he went so far it often involves precisely the opposite; a [[biological]] [[need]] is [[satisfied]] as a vain attempt to compensate for the [[true]] [[frustration]], which is the [[refusal]] of [[love]].  ==Psychoanalytic Treatment==[[Frustration]] plays an important [[role]] in [[psychoanalytic treatment]]. [[Freud]] noted that, to assert the extent that there was not distressing [[symptom]]s [[disappear]] as the [[treat­ment]] progresses, the [[patient]]'s motivation to continue the [[treatment]] tends to diminish accordingly. In order, therefore, to avoid the slightest trace risk of the term [[patient]] losing motivation altogether and breaking off the [[treatment]] prematurely, [[Freud]] recommended that the [[analyst]] must "re-instate [the patient's suffer­ing] elsewhere in the form of some appreciable privation."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|Lines of Advance in Psycho-Analytic Therapy]]," 1919a [1918]. [[SE]] XVII, 163.</ref>  This technical advice is generally known as the rule of [[frustration |abstinence]], and implies that the [[analyst]] must continually [[frustrate]] the [[patient]] by refusing to gratify his [[demand]]s for [[love]]. In this way, "the patient's need and longing should be found allowed to persist in her, in order to serve as forces impelling her to do work and to make changes."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud's works (1966)|Observations on Transference Love]]," 1915a. [[SE]] XII, 165</ref> ==Jacques Lacan==While [[Lacan]] agrees with [[Freud]] that the [[analyst]] must not gratify the [[analysand]]'s persistent slip suggests [[demand]]s for [[love]], he argues that this [[act]] of [[frustration]] is not to be seen as an end in itself. Rather, [[frustration]] must be seen simply as a means to enable the expansion [[signifier]]s of previous [[demand]]s to appear.  <blockquote>"The analyst is he who supports the concept demand, not, as has been said, to frustrate the subject, but in order to allow the [[signifiers]] in which his frustration is bound up to reappear."<ref>{{E}} p. 255</ref></blockquote> The aim of the [[analyst]] is, by supporting the [[analysand]]'s [[demand]]s in a [[state]] of [[frustration ]], to go beyond [[demand]] and [[cause]] the [[analysand]]'s [[desire]] to appear.<ref>{{E}} p. 276</ref>  ==Communication==[[Lacan]] differs from [[Freud]] in psychoanalysis the way he theorizes the rule of [[frustration|abstinence]]. For [[Freud]], the rule of [[frustration|abstinence]] primarily concerned the [[analysand]]'s [[frustration|abstinence]] from [[sexual]] [[activity]]; if a [[patient]] implores the [[analyst]] to make [[love]] to her, the [[analyst]] must [[frustrate]] her by refusing to do so. While [[Lacan]] agrees with this advice, he stresses that there is a much more common [[demand]] that the result [[analyst]] can also [[frustrate]] -- the [[analysand]]'s [[demand]] for a reply. The [[analysand]] expects the [[analyst]] to follow the rules of everyday [[communication|conversation]]. By refusing to follow these rules -- remaining silent when the [[analysand]] asks a misunderstanding question, or taking the [[analysand]]'s [[word]]s in a translation error not only among German and English and way [[other]] than that in which they were intended -- the [[analyst]] has a powerful means at his disposal for [[frustrating]] the [[analysand]].  ==Anxiety==There is [[another]] way that the [[analyst]] [[frustrates]] the [[analysand]] which [[Lacan]] mentions in 1961. This is the [[analyst]]'s refusal to give the [[sign]]al of [[anxiety]] to the [[analysand]] - -the [[absence]] of [[anxiety]] in the romance languages but above [[analyst]] at all between psychoanalysis and psychology[[times]], which at even when the [[analysand]] [[demand]]s that the time essentially based its observations, experiments, and theories on [[analyst]] [[experience]] [[anxiety]]. [[Lacan]] suggests that this may be the conflict between most fruitful of all forms of [[frustration and gratification]] in [[psychoanalytic treatment]].

{{See}}* [[AbstinenceAbsence]]* [[Analysand]]* [[Analyst]]||

* [[DeprivationCastration]]* [[Primary needDemand]]||* [[Desire]]* [[Lack]]* [[Love]]||* [[Need]]

* [[ProjectionTreatment]]* [[Realization]]* [[Splitting]]* [[Splitting of the object]]* [[Subject's castration]]* [[Symbolic realization]* [[Want of being/lack of being]]{{Also}}

* Freud, Sigmund. (1896a). Heredity and the aetiology of the neuroses. SE, 3: 141-156.* ——. (1906a [1905]). My views on the part played by sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses. SE, 7: 269-279.* ——. (1912c). Types of onset of neurosis. SE, 12: 227-238.* ——. (1927c). The future of an illusion. SE, 21: 1-56.* Lacan, Jacques. (1966).Écrits. Paris: Seuil.* ——. (1977).Écrits: A selection (Alan Sheridan, Trans.). New York: Norton.* ——. (1994). Le seminaire. Book 4: La relation d'objet (1956-1957). Paris: Seuil.</div>{{Les termes}}[[Category:Imaginary]][[Category:Help]][[Category:New]][[Category:SymbolicPsychoanalysis]]