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Hatred

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In day-to-day use, hatred is a violent feeling that impels the subject to wish another person ill and to take pleasure in bad things that happen to that person.
In "[[Instincts ]] and Their Vicissitudes" (1915c), Sigmund [[Freud ]] wrote that the [[primal ]] [[structure ]] of hatred reflects the [[relationship ]] to the [[external ]] [[world ]] that is the source of stimuli: "At the very beginning, it seems, the external world, [[objects]], and what is hated are identical" (p. 136). The determining factor is thus the relationship to [[unpleasure]]. Freud thus asserted that "[[Hate]], as a relation to objects, is older than [[love]]" (p. 139), for this [[feeling ]] originates in the ego's [[self]]-preservation instincts rather than in the [[sexual ]] instincts (although later on hatred can [[bind ]] with the latter to become "[[sadism]]"). It can be inferred from this that "hatred is a kind of self-preservation, to the extent of destroying the [[other]], while loving is a way . . . of making the other [[exist]]," as [[Paul]]-Laurent Assoun expressed it in Portrait métapsychologique de la [[haine]]: Du symptôme au lien [[social ]] (Metapsychological portrait of hatred: from [[symptom ]] to the social bond; 1995).
This [[emotion ]] that aims to destroy thus seems to be radically opposite to love. But as Roger Dorey underscored in "L'[[amour ]] au travers de la haine" (Love through hatred; 1986), there are deep affinities between the two: Not only does hatred precede love, but no [[doubt ]] there is love only because there is hatred, at the very origin of the person" Indeed, in both "[[Instincts and Their Vicissitudes]]" and "[[Negation]]" (1925h) Freud showed that hatred is not exclusively destructive toward the [[object]]: Acting as the first differentiating boundary between [[inside ]] and [[outside]], it ensures the permanence of that boundary and is its constituting [[principle]]. [[Speaking ]] of the purified [[pleasure]]-ego, which places the characteristic of pleasure above all [[others]], Freud wrote in "Instincts and Their Vicissitudes" that love "is originally [[narcissistic]], then passes over on to objects, which have been incorporated into the extended ego, and expresses the motor efforts of the ego towards these objects as sources of pleasure" (p. 138).
But prior to the establishment of [[genital ]] organization, in which love has "become the opposite of hate" (p. 139), the two earliest [[stages ]] make no [[distinction ]] between [[them]]. The [[oral ]] [[stage ]] involves incorporating and devouring the object; in the [[anal]]-[[sadistic ]] stage, "the striving toward the object appears in the [[form ]] of an urge for [[mastery]], in which [[injury ]] or annihilation of the object is a matter of indifference" (p. 139). It must be [[recalled ]] that hatred always expresses the ego's self-preservation instincts and that both the will to [[power ]] and the urge for mastery originate in hatred; before the [[genital stage]], self-preservation of the ego is precisely what is endangered by the [[encounter ]] with the object. The love/hate distinction that forms in the genital stage allows them to be linked together, bringing [[whole ]] persons into [[being]].
If hatred is experienced as the unpleasure derived from the encounter with the "other" that threatens the ego's integrity, the manner of being of this "other" must be reintroduced. With notions involving the determining [[role]], for the [[baby]], of the object, with its expected function as "container" of excitations, "toilet [[breast]]," or alpha function, Donald [[Winnicott]], Donald Meltzer, and Wilfred Bion, among others, have shed new light on the [[treatment ]] of hatred.
NICOLE JEAMMET
See also: [[Aggressiveness]]/aggression; [[Aimée]], [[case ]] of; [[Ambivalence]]; Breast, [[good]]/bad object; [[Dead ]] [[mother ]] [[complex]]; [[Drive]]/instinct; Ego and [[the Id]], The; Emotion; [[Erotomania]]; [[Frustration]]; "Instincts and their Vicissitudes"; Love-Hate-[[Knowledge ]] (L/H/K [[links]]); [[Melancholia]]; [[Need ]] for [[punishment]]; [[Negative ]] therapeutic reaction; Negative [[transference]]; Object; Object, [[choice ]] of/change of; [[Obsessional ]] [[neurosis]]; [[Paranoia]]; [[Paranoid ]] [[position]]; [[Persecution]]; Primary object; [[Projection]]; [[Racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], and [[psychoanalysis]]; [[Reversal ]] into the opposite; [[Rivalry]]; Self-hatred; Self-mutilation in [[children]]; [[Shame]]; [[Splitting ]] of the object; [[Superego]]; Transference hatred; [[Turning around]]; "Why War?".[[Bibliography]]
* Assoun, Paul-Laurent. (1995). Portrait métapsychologique de la haine: Du symptôme au lien social. Paris: Anthropos.
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