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| − | '''Herbert Marcuse''' ([[July 19]],[[1898]] – [[July 29]],[[1979]]) was a prominent [[German people|German]]-[[Hyphenated American|American]] [[philosophy|philosopher]] and [[sociology|sociologist]] of [[Jewish]] descent, member of the [[Frankfurt School]]. | + | '''Herbert Marcuse''' (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a prominent German-American philosopher and sociologist of Jewish descent, member of the Frankfurt School. |
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| − | == Biography and career ==
| + | {{LA}}p. 142 |
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| − | Herbert Marcuse was born in [[Berlin]] to a Jewish family, served in the German Army caring for horses in Berlin during the [[World War I|First World War]]. He then became a member of a Soldiers' Council that participated in the aborted [[Socialism|socialist]] [[Spartacist uprising]], which was ultimately crushed by the forces of the [[Weimar Republic]]. After completing his Ph.D. thesis at the [[University of Freiburg]] in [[1922]] on the Germany [[Kunstlerroman]], he moved back to Berlin, where he worked as a bookseller. He returned to [[Freiburg]] in [[1929]] to write a [[habilitation]] with [[Martin Heidegger]]. In [[1933]], since he would not be allowed to complete that project under the [[Nazis]], Marcuse joined the [[Frankfurt]] [[Institute for Social Research]] run by [[Max Horkheimer]] and [[emigration|emigrated]] from Germany that same year, going first to [[Switzerland]], then the [[United States]], where he became a [[naturalized citizen]] in [[1940]].
| + | ==References== |
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| − | Although he never returned to Germany to live, he became one of the major theorists of the [[Frankfurt School]], along with [[Max Horkheimer]] and [[Theodor Adorno]]. In [[1940]] he published ''Reason and Revolution'', a dialectical work studying [[Hegel]] and [[Marx]].
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| − | During [[World War II]] Marcuse first worked for the [[U.S. Office of War Information]] (OWI) on anti-Nazi propaganda projects. In 1943 he transferred to the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS). His work for the OSS involved research on Nazi Germany and denazification. After the dissolution of the OSS in 1945, Marcuse was employed by the US Department of State until 1951 as head of the Central European bureau, retiring after the death of his wife<!--http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/biog/BioVanguardANBioOnline03z.htm-->.
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| − | In [[1952]] he began a teaching career as a political theorist, first at [[Columbia University]] and [[Harvard]], then at [[Brandeis University]] from [[1958]] to [[1965]], where he was professor of philosophy and politics, and finally (already retirement-age), at the [[University of California, San Diego]]. He was a friend and collaborator of the historical sociologist [[Barrington Moore, Jr.]] and of the political philosopher [[Robert Paul Wolff]]. In the post-war period, he was the most explicitly political and left-wing member of the Frankfurt School, continuing to identify himself as a [[Marxist]], a socialist, and a [[Hegelian]].
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| − | Marcuse's critiques of [[capitalist]] society (especially his [[1955]] synthesis of [[Karl Marx|Marx]] and [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], ''[[Eros and Civilization]]'', and his [[1964]] book ''[[One-Dimensional Man]]'') resonated with the concerns of the leftist student movement in the [[1960s]]. Because of his willingness to speak at student protests, Marcuse soon became known as "the father of the [[New Left]]" (a term he disliked and rejected). His work heavily influenced intellectual discourse on [[popular culture]] and scholarly [[popular culture studies]]. He had many speaking engagements in the US and Europe in the late [[1960s]] and in the [[1970s]]. He died on [[July 29]], [[1979]], after having suffered a stroke during a visit to Germany. Second-generation Frankfurt School theorist [[Jürgen Habermas]] was with him during his final illness.
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| − | Many progressive scholars and activists were influenced by him, for example [[Angela Davis]] and [[Abbie Hoffman]]. (See the list in the final link, below.) Among those who critiqued him from the left were Marxist-Humanist [[Raya Dunayevskaya]], and fellow German emigre, [[Paul Mattick]], who both subjected ''One-Dimensional Man'' to a Marxist critique. Marcuse's 1965 essay "Repressive Tolerance", where he claimed capitalist [[democracy|democracies]] are actually [[totalitarian]] in nature, has been heavily criticised for its argument that all opinions should be tolerated, except conservative ones.
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| − | He was not related to the émigré literary scholar [[Ludwig Marcuse]] (1894-1971); but may have been a distant relation of the Berlin sexologist [[Max Marcuse]] (1877-1963)[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/COLLMM1.HTM].
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| − | ==Major works== | |
| − | *''[[Reason and Revolution]]'' ([[1941]])
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| − | *''[[Eros and Civilization]]'' ([[1955]])
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| − | *''[[Soviet Marxism]]'' ([[1958]])
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| − | *''[[One-Dimensional Man]]'' ([[1964]])
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| − | *''[[Negations (Marcuse)|Negations]]'' ([[1968]])
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| − | *''[[An Essay on Liberation]]'' ([[1969]])
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| − | *''[[Counter-Revolution and Revolt]]'' ([[1972]])
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| − | *''[[The Aesthetic Dimension]]'' ([[1978]])
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Georg Lukács]]
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| − | *[[Walter Benjamin]]
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| − | *[[Theodor Adorno]]
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| − | *[[Max Horkheimer]]
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| − | *[[Erich Fromm]]
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| − | *[[Jürgen Habermas]]
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{wikiquote}}
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| − | {{Commons|Herbert Marcuse}}
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| − | *[http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/index.html Comprehensive 'Official' Herbert Marcuse Website], by one of Marcuse's grandsons, with full bibliographies of primary and secondary works, and full texts of many important works
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| − | *[http://www.worldsocialism.org/wsm-pages/marcuse.html Excellent narrative biography by A. Buick], at worldsocialism.org
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| − | *[http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/Illumina%20Folder/marc.htm Detailed intellectual biography and essays], by Douglas Kellner, Marcuse scholar at UCLA
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| − | * [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/index.htm "Herbert Marcuse (on-line) Archive"] at marxists.org
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| − | * [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/works/eros-civilisation/index.htm Eros and Civilization (1955)] text excerpts online at marxists.org
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| − | *[http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/64onedim/odmcontents.html One-Dimensional Man (1964)], complete text online at marcuse.org
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| − | *[http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/60spubs/65repressivetolerance.htm Repressive Tolerance (1965)], complete text online at marcuse.org
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| − | *[http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs.htm Complete bibliography of Marcuse's published works], at marcuse.org
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| − | *[http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/booksabout.htm Long list of secondary works about Marcuse], at marcuse.org
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| − | *[http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/scholaractivists.htm List of scholars and activists influenced by Marcuse], at marcuse.org
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| | + | [[Category:People|Marcuse, Herbert]] |
| | [[Category:Frankfurt School|Marcuse, Herbert]] | | [[Category:Frankfurt School|Marcuse, Herbert]] |
| | [[Category:Marxist theory|Marcuse, Herbert]] | | [[Category:Marxist theory|Marcuse, Herbert]] |
| − | [[Category:People]] | + | [[Category:Politics|Marcuse, Herbert]] |
| − | [[Category:Philosophy]] | + | [[Category:Index|Marcuse, Herbert]] |
| − | [[Category:Culture]] | + | [[Category:Slavoj Žižek|Marcuse, Herbert]] |
| − | [[Category:Politics]] | + | [[Category:Looking Awry|Marcuse, Herbert]] |
