Hysteria refers both to a personality type and to a cluster of psychoneurotic symptom formations. Its manifestations—dramatic, physical, and affective—may be viewed as an attempt to express and symbolize a psychosexual conflict and, at the same time, to defend against acknowledging that conflict. Symptoms range from mental anxiety and phobia to the physical signs of conversion disorder.{{Top}}hystérie{{Bottom}}
==Definition==The term derives from hustera, the Greek word for uterus, and was historically considered a female disorder. Writings on nosographical [[category]] of [[hysteria date ]] dates back to ancient Egypt and the Kahun papyrus (ca.1900 BCE)Greek [[medicine]], which described the disturbances caused by the "wandering uterus" that manifested as symptoms in various parts conceived of the body. Greco-Roman doctors continued to associate hysteria with the uterus and to treat it as a female complaint. From disease caused by the end of antiquity through womb wandering throughout the Middle Ages and the Inquisition, recourse to supernatural explanations made it possible to consider hysteria a form of demoniacal possession or witchcraft. The theatrical and contagious nature of hysterical symptoms may have been at the root of phenomena such as the "possessed" nuns of Loudun, the convulsionaries of Saint-Médard, and the Salem witches. Hysterics and their putative victims were often burned at the stake[[body]] (in Greek ''hysteron'' means womb).
Identification The term acquired an important [[place]] in [[psychiatry]] in the nineteenth century, especially in the [[work]] of hysteria as a distinct entity dates to 1870, when Jean -Martin Charcot, a doctor at the largest hospice under whom [[Freud]] studied in France, the La Salpêtrière, segregated hysterics from other mental patients for purposes of research and investigation1885-6.
As a concept hysteria acquired several meanings:==Sigmund Freud==It was in the course of treating [[hysterical]] [[patient]]s in the 1890s that [[Freud]] developed the [[psychoanalytical]] method of [[treatment]] ([[free association]], etc.) and began to [[form]] the major [[concepts]] of [[psychoanalytic theory]].
1. Conversion hysteria was a convulsive attack characterized by paralysis, muscular contractions and bodily contortions, visual disturbances, including hallucination, pain and anesthesia, and so on. 2. As a psychoneurosis, studied by psychoanalysis, it was manifested by various symptoms and inversion of affect. Thus, Sigmund [[Freud]]'s patient Dora experienced sexual excitation not as desire but as disgust, first properly [[psychoanalytic]] [[case]] [[history]] concerns the treatment of a hysterical displacement of a genital sexual conflict (1905e)woman known as "[[Dora]]. 3"<ref>[[Freud|Freud, Sigmund]]. The term "hysteric" also qualifies, pejoratively, [[Works of Sigmund Freud|Fragment of an Analysis of a certain type Case of distaff personality in which prominent use is made of dramatizationHysteria]]", emotional exuberance, colorful and exaggerated language, continuous erotization, and seductiveness1905e. 4[1901]. Finally[[SE]] VII, in everyday language, hysteria is the stuff of "emotional outburst" and "making a scene3."</ref>
Broadly speaking, conversion ==Symptomatology==The classic [[symptom]]atology of [[hysteria led to the discovery of psychoanalysis ]] involves [[physical]] [[symptoms]] such as a method of understanding local paralyses, pains and treating psychopathological symptoms. Freudanaesthesias, who famously attended clinical demonstrations by Charcotfor which no [[organic]] [[cause]] can be found, was struck by and which are articulated around an "[[imaginary]] [[autonomy]]" which bears no relation to the indifference that hysterical patients displayed toward their suffering[[real]] [[structure]] of the nervous [[system]]<ref>{{L}} 1951b. Although for a time he suspected traumatic childhood seduction to be at "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Some Reflections on the root of hysteriaEgo]], he came to view such patients suffering "mainly from reminiscences" (1895d''Int. J. [[Psycho]]-[[Anal]].'', vol. 34, 1953. p. 7)—that is, from a repressed traumatic event that remained mnemonically unintegrated, and could therefore only be expressed by conversion—through a corporeal memory, so to speak13</ref>.
The death However, although [[Lacan]] does discuss the [[symptom]]atology of his father in 1897 and subsequent self-analysis with Wilhelm Fliess led Freud [[hysteria]], linking it to the discovery [[imago]] of his childhood passion for his mother and of his hostile feelings toward his father. Although the Oedipus complex did not appear as part of Freudian theory until later[[fragmented body]], <ref>{{E}} p. 5</ref> he abandoned the theory of traumatic seduction; his key discovery was the notion of infantile sexuality, together with the importance of fantasy comes to define [[hysteria]] not as a force that was both creative and disorganizing. At the same time he developed the concept set of psychic defense and discovered in dreams and dream-work [[symptom]]s but as a link with hysteria[[structure]].
In psychoanalytic theory, This means that a hysterical crisis might be thought [[subject]] may well exhibit none of as the embodiment typical [[bodily]] [[symptom]]s of a dream. Its symptoms included the same mechanisms of condensation, displacement, symbolization, [[hysteria]] and disguise through censorship. Hysteria expressed a conflict that, incapable of being elaborated mentally, is translated in altogether enigmatic fashion into physical symptoms. The associative method of psychoanalysis could yet still be used to identify the fantasies and symbolic pathways within it. Thus Freud described diagnosed as a hysterical woman who, with one hand, tore off her clothes, and with the other, held them against her body, simultaneously expressing the struggle between impulse and defense, enacting in effect [[hysteric]] by a sexual scene in which she represented partners of both sexes (1908a). Hysterical neurosis and hysterical relationships involve identification, constant repression, and counter-cathexis that uses the Other as the theater of conflict[[Lacan]]ian [[analyst]].
Due to the absence ==Neurosis==Like [[Freud]], [[Lacan]] regards [[hysteria]] as one of an organic lesion and the tendency for symptoms to disappear without a trace, as mysteriously as they came, hysterical conversion represented a provocative challenge to medicine. In general, hysterics have historically triggered irritation, accusations two main forms of lying and malingering[[neurosis]], and rejectionthe other [[being]] [[obsessional neurosis]].
Hysteria has always defied medicine and In the social order because sexuality is mixed up in it—in particular, female sexuality and [[seminar]] of 1955-6 [[Lacan]] develops the associated desire for sexual pleasure. Freud, in 1937, referred to [[idea]] that the "repudiation [[structure]] of [[neurosis]] is that of femininity" (p. 252) in both sexes as "bedrock," a stumbling block because of the mental association of the female with castration. Symptomaticallyquestion, and that what differentiates [[hysteria ]] from [[obsessional neurosis]] is an illness the [[nature]] of repudiated femininity. More specifically, the anxiety that leads to this repudiation reflects the considerable libidinal energy required by the constant pressure of libido, a pressure that may be destructive of the egoquestion.
JACQUELINE SCHAEFFERWhereas [[obsessional neurosis]] concerns the question of the [[subject]]'s [[existence]], [[hysteria]] concerns the question of the [[subject]]'s [[sexual position]].
See also: Activity/passivity; Actual neurosis/defense neurosis; Anna O., case of; Anxiety; Archeology, the metaphor of; Autoplastic; Autosuggestion; Breuer, Josef; Cäcilie M., case of; Charcot, Jean Martin; This question may be phrased "Claims of Psychoanalysis to Scientific InterestAm I a [[man]] or a [[woman]]?"; Conflict; Defense mechanisms; "Dostoyevsky and Parricide"; Elisabeth von R.or, case of; Emmy von N.more precisely, case of; Fantasy; Femininity; Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis; "Fragment of an Analysis of What is a Case of Hysteria[[woman]]?" (Dora, Ida Bauer); Freud, the Secret Passion; Fright; Hypnoid states; Hysterical paralysis; Indications and contraindications for psychoanalysis in adults; Janet, Pierre; Katharina, case of; Lifting of amnesia; Lucy R<ref>{{S3}} p., case of; Mnemic symbol; Mnemic trace, memory trace; Nervous Anxiety States and their Treatment; Neurosis; Phobias in children; Phobic neurosis; Proton170-pseudos; Psychoanalytical nosography; Psychogenic blindness; Psychological types (analytical psychology); Quota of affect; Reminiscence; Repression; Seduction; Seduction scenes; Sexual trauma; Somatic compliance; Studies on Hysteria; Symbol; Symptom-formation.Bibliography5</ref>
* Freud, Sigmund. (1937). Analysis terminable and interminable. SE, 23: 209-253. * Freud, Sigmund, This is [[true]] for both [[male]] and Breuer, Josef. (1895d). Studies in hysteria. SE,2. * Jeanneau, Augustin. (1985). L'hystérie, unité et diversité. Revue française de psychanalyse, 49 (1), 258-283. * Schaeffer, Jacqueline. (1986). Le rubis a horreur du rouge. Relation et contre-investissement hystériques. Revue française de psychanalyse, 50 (3), 923-944. * ——. (1997). Le refus du feminine[[female]] [[hysterics]]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France<ref>{{S3}} p.178</ref>
Further Reading==Femininity==[[Lacan]] thus reaffirms the ancient view that there is an intimate connection between [[hysteria]] and [[femininity]].
* BrittonIndeed, Ronald. (1999). Getting in on the act: The hysterical solution. International Journal of Psychoanalysismost [[hysterics]] are [[women]], 80, 1-14. * Halberstadt-Freud, Hendrika. (1996). Studies on hysteria one hundred years on: a century of psychoanalysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77, 983-996. * Kohon, Gregory. (1984). Reflections on Dora: The case of hysteria. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 5, 73-84just as most [[obsessional neurotics]] are [[men]].
==Structure==
The [[structure]] of [[desire]], as [[desire]] of the [[Other]], is shown more clearly in [[hysteria]] than in any other [[clinical structure]]; the [[hysteric]] is precisely someone who appropriates [[another]]'s [[desire]] by [[identifying]] with [[them]].
==Dora Case==
For example, [[Dora]] [[identifies]] with Herr K, taking as her own the [[desire]] which she perceives him to have for Frau K.<ref>{{S4}} p. 138</ref>
==new==However, as the case of [[Dora]] also shows, the [[hysteric]] only sustains the [[desire]] of the [[Other]] on condition that she is not the [[object]] of that [[desire]].<ref>{{Ec}} p.222</ref>
The symptomatic return She cannot bear to be taken as the [[object]] of repressed childhood sexual trauma. The two main forms of hysteria are 1) conversion hysteria, in which [[desire]] because that would revive the symptoms are manifested on the body (eg. psychosomatic illness); and 2) anxiety hysteria, in which one feels excessive anxiety because wound of an external object (eg[[privation]]. phobias)<ref>{{S17}} p.84</ref>
Hysteria ==Treatment==It is a diagnostic label applied to a state this privileged relation between the [[structure]] of mind, one [[desire]] and the [[structure]] of unmanageable fear or emotional excesses. The fear is often centered on a body part[[hysteria]] which explains why [[Lacan]] devotes so much attention to this [[clinic]]al [[structure]], most often on an imagined problem with and why he develops the idea in the 1970s that body part (disease it is a common complaint). People who are necessary, in [[psychoanalytic treatment]], to "hysterical[[hysteria|hystericize]]" often lose self-control due to the overwhelming fear.[edit[analysand]].
History The term originates with the Greek medical term, hysterikos. This referred to a supposed medical condition, peculiar to women, caused by disturbances ==Discourse of the uterus, hystera in Greek. The term hysteria was coined by Hippocrates, who thought that the cause of hysteria was irregular movement of blood from the uterus to the brain.Hysteric== The same general definition, or under the name female hysteria, came into widespread use in the middle and late 19th century to describe what is today generally considered to be sexual dissatisfaction.[1[Hysteria] Typical "treatment" was massage of the patient's genitalia by the physician and later vibrators or water sprays to cause orgasm.[1] By the early 1900s the practice, and usage of the term, had fallen from use, until it was again popularised when the writings of Sigmund Freud became known and influential in Britain and the USA in the 1920s. The Freudian psychoanalytic school of psychology uses its own, somewhat controversial, ways to treat hysteria. The knowledge of hysterical processes was advanced by the work of Jean-Martin Charcot, as a French neurologist. However, many now consider hysteria to be a 'legacy diagnosis' (i.e.: a catch-all junk diagnosis),[2[clinic] particularly due to its long list of possible manifestations: one Victorian physician catalogued 75 pages of possible symptoms of hysteria and called the list incomplete.[3] A form of al [[neurosisstructure]] for which no physical diagnosis can , must be found and in which the symptoms presented are expressive of an unconscious conflict. In conversion hysteria, the symptoms usually take a somatic form (hysterical paralysis, irritation of the throat, coughs); in anxiety hysteria or phobia, the cause of the anxiety is a particular external object. Hysteria has been explained in many different ways over the centuries; the most influential aetiology or causal explanation to have been put forward in the twentieth century is that supplied by distinguished from [[FreudLacan]]'s [[psychoanalysisconcept]]. Freud's initial thesis (1896) was of the so-called [[seduction theorydiscourse]] which held that hysteria and other neuroses originate in an experience of actual sexual abuse that has been repressedthe [[hysteric]], but which can be recovered. Freud initially used hypnosis to recover these memories, but abandoned it in favor of what Anna O. so felicitously termed the designates a [[talking cureparticular]]. Freud subsequently revised his original seduction theory in the course form of a long correspondence with his collaborator Fliess and argued that hysteria stemmed from unconscious fantasies about incest that were bound up with [[oedipus complexdiscourse|social bond]], though he never denied either the existence or the pathogenic effects of real abuse.
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Analyst]]
* [[Desire]]
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* [[Discourse]]
* [[Neurosis]]
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* [[Obsessional neurosis]]
* [[Other]]
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* [[Structure]]
* [[Symptom]]
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* [[Treatment]]
* [[Woman]]
{{Also}}
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