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Incest
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Characterization and definitions vary across cultures, but incest refers to [[sexual ]] relations between close relatives. Prohibition may be according to custom or [[morality]], and embodied in law. In [[psychoanalysis]], the term is also and especially discussed in [[terms ]] of [[fantasy ]] and [[psychological ]] [[conflict]]. [[Freud]] mentioned incest for the first [[time]] in his correspondence with Wilhelm [[Fliess]] (Draft N, dated May 31, 1897), in which he explained "saintliness" in terms of its impious and anti-[[social]] [[character]] (1950a). A [[family]] primordially promiscuous would be [[forced]] to give up incestuous [[behavior]] in [[order]] to avoid [[being]] socially isolated. Incest subsequently became a central theme in Freud's formulation of the [[Oedipus]] [[complex]], defined as a [[child]]'s conflict between sexual [[desire]] for the parent of the opposite sex (the "positive" [[oedipal]] complex) and [[repression]] of that desire. The [[theory]] was put forth in [[Three]] Essays on the Theory of [[Sexuality]] (1905d) and in Freud's [[discussion]] of the [[case]] of "Little [[Hans]]" (1909b), among [[other]] works. From the start Freud also discussed the incest [[taboo]] in an anthropological context, in terms of its [[role]] in the evolution of [[society]]. The first chapter of [[Totem]] and Taboo (1912-13a) was devoted to "the [[horror]] of incest" and was based on the [[work]] of contemporary ethnologists. For Freud it was important to establish that such a taboo operated in every [[human]] society. This view gained some support in the work of later anthropologists, including Claude Lévi-[[Strauss]], who, however, maintained reservations regarding Freud's obligatory corollary, that the Oedipus complex was "[[universal]]." (See André Green [1995] for a discussion of [[Lévi-Strauss]]'s views.) Freud held that [[psychic]] [[energy]] which accumulates through repression of sexual [[gratification]], prohibitions owed to the oedipal [[situation]], becomes an essential force propelling the [[development]] of [[civilization]], especially through channels of [[sublimation]]. In "'[[Civilized]]' Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous [[Illness]]" (1908d), Freud suggested that repression can also provoke psychological disorders through the "damming-up" of [[libido]] (the "actual" [[neuroses]]) or by [[substitute]] [[symptom]] [[formation]] (the psychoneuroses). The price of civilized morality is high when repression adversely affects too many individuals and distorts the social fabric; Freud examined these issues in Group [[Psychology]] and the [[Analysis]] of the Ego (1921c) and in [[Civilization and Its Discontents]] (1930a). The incest theme has received little attention in contemporary [[psychoanalytic]] [[literature]]; an exception is [[Paul]]-Claude Racamier's interesting [[treatment]] of the "incestual" (1995). ==See Also==* [[Ethics]]* [[Family romance]]* [[Framework of the psychoanalytic treatment]]* [[Law and psychoanalysis]]* [[Myth of origins]]* [[Oedipus complex]]* [[Phantom]]* [[Privation]]* [[Prohibition]]* [[The Psychology of the Unconscious]]* [[Secret]]* [[Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes]]* [[Tenderness]]* [[Totem and Taboo]]* [[Transgression]] ==References==<references/># [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1905d). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. SE, 7: 123-243.# ——. (1909b). Analysis of a [[phobia]] in a five-year-old boy. SE, 10: 1-149.# ——. (1921c). [[Group psychology]] and the analysis of the ego. SE, 18: 65-143.# ——. (1908d). "Civilized" sexual morality and modern nervous illness. SE, 9: 177-204.# ——. (1912-13a). Totem and taboo. SE, 13: 1-161.# ——. (1930a). Civilization and its discontents. SE, 21: 57-145.# ——. (1950a [1897]). Draft N. "Impulses, [[fantasies]] and [[symptoms]]." SE, 1: 173-280.# Green, André. (1995). La Casualité psychique. [[Paris]]: Odile [[Jacob]]. Propédeutique. La métapsychologie revisitée. Paris: l'Or d'Atalante.# Racamier, Paul-Claude. (1995). L'[[inceste]] et l'incestuel. Paris: Éditions du Collège de [[psychanalyse]] groupale et familiale.Further [[Reading]]# Simon, Bennett. (1992). Incest—see under "oedipus complex": the [[history]] of an error in psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic [[Association]], 40, 955-988. [[Category:New]]