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==Jacques Lacan==
===Instinct and Drive===
[[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]] in distinguishing the [[instinct]]s from the [[drive]]s, and criticizing those who obscure this [[distinction]] by using the same [[English]] [[word]] ("[[instinct]]") to translate both [[Freud]]'s [[terms]] (''[[Instinkt]]'' and ''[[Trieb]]'').<ref>{{E}} p. 301</ref> "[[Instinct]]" is a purely ''[[biological]]'' [[concept]] and belongs to the study of [[animal]] [[ethology]]. Whereas [[animal]]s are driven by [[instincts]], which are relatively rigid and invariable, and imply a direct relation to an [[object]], [[human]] [[sexuality]] is a matter of [[drives]], which are very variable and never attain their [[object]]. Although [[Lacan]] uses the term "[[instinct]]" frequently in his early [[work]], after 1950 he uses the word less frequently, preferring instead to reconceptualize the concept of [[instinct]] in terms of [[need]].
===Biology and Social and Cultural Factors===
From his earliest works, [[Lacan]] criticizes those who attempt to [[understand]] human [[behavior]] purely in terms of [[instinct]]s, arguing that this is to suppose a [[harmonious]] relation between man and the [[world]], which does not in fact [[exist]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 88</ref> The concept of [[instinct]] supposes some kind of direct innate [[knowledge]] of the [[object]] which is of an almost [[moral]] [[character]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 851</ref>
Against such [[Lacanideas]] follows , [[FreudLacan]] in distinguishing the insists that there is something inadequate [[instinctabout]]s from the [[drivehuman]]s, and criticizes those who obscure this distinction by using the same English word ('instinct') to translate both [[Freudbiology]]'s terms , a feature which he indicates in the phrases "vital insufficiency" (''Instinkt'' ''Triebinsuffisance vitale'').<ref>{{EEc}} p.30190</ref> and "congenital insufficiency". This inadequacy, evident in the [[Lacanhelplessness]] of the [[human]] [[infant|baby]], is compensated for by means of [[complexes]]. The fact that [[human]] [[psychology]] is dominated by [[complex]] es (following which are determined entirely by [[Freudcultural]]) distinguishes between and [[instinctssocial]] and factors) rather than by [[drivesinstinct]]s, means that any explanation of human behavior that does not take social factors into account is useless.
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Biology]]
* [[Complex]]
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* [[Drive]]
* [[Helplessness]]
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* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Nature]]
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* [[Need]]
* [[Psychology]]
{{Also}}
== References ==
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