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{{JL}}[[Image:LacanJacques-lacan-TV4.gifjpg|thumb|250px|right]]<!-- {{Infobox_Scientist| name = Jacques Lacan| image = Lacan3.jpg| image_width = 200px| caption = | birth_date = [[13 April]] [[1901]]| birth_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]| death_date = [[9 September]] [[1981]]| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]| residence = | citizenship = France| nationality = | ethnicity = | field = [[Psychology]]| work_institution = | alma_mater = | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = | author_abbreviation_bot = | author_abbreviation_zoo = | prizes = | religion = | footnotes = }}-->[[Jacques Lacan|Jacques-Marie Émile Lacan]] ([[Jacques Lacan:Chronology#1901|13 April 1901]] – [[Jacques Lacan:Chronology#1981|9 September 1981]]) was a [[French]] [[psychoanalyst]] and [[psychiatrist]] who made prominent contributions to psychoanalysis, [[philosophy]], and [[literary]] [[theory]]. Giving yearly [[seminars]] in Paris from 1953 to 1981, Lacan influenced France's intellectuals in the 1960s and the 1970s, especially the post-[[structuralist]] [[philosophers]]. His interdisciplinary [[work]] is [[Freudian]], featuring the [[unconscious]], the [[castration]] [[complex]], the ego, [[identification]], and [[language]] as [[subjective]] [[perception]]. His [[ideas]] have had a significant impact on [[critical theory]], [[literary theory]], twentieth-century French philosophy, [[sociology]], [[feminist]] theory and [[clinical]] psychoanalysis.

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==Biography==<blockquote>''[[Chronology|Click here for a more complete chronology of '''Jacques Lacan''''s life]].''</blockquote>;1901:13 April, Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan is [[born]] in Paris, to a [[family]] of solid [[Catholic]] [[tradition]]. He is educated at the collège Stanislas, a Jesuit school. After his ''baccalauréat'' he studies [[medicine]] and later [[psychiatry]].;1927: Starts clinical [[training]], works at [[Sainte-Anne's hospital]]. A year later he works in the Special Infirmary Service where [[Clérambault]] had a [[practice]].;1932:Awarded doctorate for his [[thesis]], ''[[De la psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalité]]''.;1933:The richness of his thesis, especially the [[analysis]] of the [[case]] of [[Aimée]], makes him famous with the [[Surrealist]]s. BEtween this year and 1939 he takes [[Kojève]]'s course at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes [[Etudes]], an "Introduction to the [[reading]] of [[Hegel]].";1934:He [[marries]] [[Marie-Louise]] Blondon, [[mother]] of [[Caroline]], [[Thibaut]] and [[Sibylle]]. While in analysis with Rudolph [[Loewenstein]], Lacan becomes a member of the ''[[[Société Psychanalytique de Paris|Société psychanalytique de Paris]]]]'' ([[Société psychanalytique de Paris|SPP]]).;1940:Works at Val-de-Grâce, the military hospital in Paris. During the [[German]] Occupation, he does not take part in any [[official]] [[activity]].;1946:In 1946, the [[SPP]] resumes its activities and Lacan, with Nacht and Lagache, takes charge of training [[analyses]] and supervisory [[control]] and plays an important [[theoretical]] and institutional [[role]].;1951:The [[SPP]] begins to raise the issue of Lacan's [[short sessions]], as opposed to the standard analytical hour.;1953:In January Lacan is elected President of the [[SPP]]. Six months later he resigns to join the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'' ([[SFP]]) with D. Lagache, F. Dolto, J. Favez-Boutonier among [[others]]. In Rome, Lacan delivers his report, "''[[Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage]]''". On 17 July he marries [[Sylvia]] Maklès, mother of [[Judith]]. That autumn Lacan starts his [[seminar]]s at the [[Hôspital Sainte-Anne]].;1954:The first ten [[seminar]]s elaborate fundamental notions [[about]] [[psychoanalytic]] [[technique]], the essential [[concepts]] of [[psychoanalysis]], and its [[ethics]]. During this period Lacan writes, on the basis of his seminars, conferences and addresses in colloquia, the major [[texts]] that are found in ''[[Ecrits]]'' in 1966.;1956:Celebrities are attracted to his seminars ([[Jean Hyppolite]]'s analysis of [[Freud]]'s article on ''Dé[[négation]]'', given during the first seminar, is a well-known example). [[Alexandre Koyré]], Claude Lévi-[[Strauss]], Maurice [[Merleau-Ponty]], and ethnologist Marcel Griaule, Emile Benveniste among others attend his courses.;1962:[[SFP]] members [[want]] to be recognized by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]). The [[IPA]] issues an ultimatum: Lacan's [[name]] must be crossed off the [[list]] of didacticians.;1963:Two weeks before the expiry of the deadline set by the IPA (31 October), the committee of didacticians of the [[SFP]] gives up its courageous stand of 1962 and pronounces in favour of the ban: Lacan is no longer one of the didacticians.;1964:Lacanians [[form]] a Study Group on Psychoanalysis organized by Jean Clavreul, until Lacan official founds the ''[[Ecole Française de Psychanalyse]]'', which soon becomes the ''[[Ecole Freudienne de Paris]]'' ([[EFP]]). With [[Lévi-Strauss]] and [[Althusser]]'s support, he is appointed lecturer at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.;1965:In January Lacan begins his new seminar on "[[The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]]" at the Ecole Normale Supérieure. His audience is made up of [[analysts]] and young students in philosophy at the ENS, notably [[Jacques-Alain Miller]].;1966:[[Ecrits]], Paris: Seuil 1966. The book draws considerable attention to the [[EFP]], extending far beyond the intelligentsia.;1967:Lacan presents the ''[[Acte]] de Fondation'' of the [[EFP]]; its novelty lies in the procedure of ''[[passe]]''. The ''[[passe]]'' consists of testifying, in front of two ''passeurs'', to one's [[experience]] as an analysand and especially to the crucial [[moment]] of passage from the [[position]] of [[analysand]] to that of [[analyst]]. The ''passeurs'' are chosen by their [[analyst]]s (generally analysts of the EFP) and should be at the same [[stage]] in their [[analytic]] experience as the ''passant''. They listen to him and then, in turn, they testify to what they have heard in front of a committee for approval composed of the director, Lacan, and of some AE, ''[[analyste]] de l'école'' (analyst of the school). This committee's function is to select the analysts of the School and to elaborate, after the selecting [[process]], a 'work of [[doctrine]]'.;1969:The issue of the ''passe'' keeps invading the EFP's [[life]]. "''Le quatrième groupe''" is formed around those who resign from the EFP disputing over Lacan's methods for the analysts' training and accreditation. Lacan takes a stand in the crisis of the [[university]] that follows May [[1968]]: "If psychoanalysis cannot be articulated as a [[knowledge]] and taught as such, it has no [[place]] in the university, which deals only with knowledge." The ENS director finds a pretext for telling Lacan that he is no longer welcome at the ENS at the beginning of the academic year. Moreover, the journal ''Cahiers pour l'[[Analyse]]'' has to cease publication, but [[Vincennes]] appears as an alternative. Michel [[Foucault]] asks Lacan to create and direct the Department of Psychoanlaysis at Vincennes. Thanks to Lévi-Strauss, Lacan moves his seminars to the law school of the Panthéon. ;1974:The Vincennes Department of Psychoanalysis is renamed "[[Le Champ freudien]]" with Lacan its director and [[Jacques-Alain Miller]] its president.;1980:On 9 January, Lacan announces the [[dissolution]] of the EFP and asks those who [[wish]] to continue [[working]] with him to [[state]] their intentions in [[writing]]. He receives over one thousand letters within a week. On 21 February, Lacan announces the founding of the school ''[[La Cause freudienne]]'', later renamed the ''[[Ecole de la Cause freudienne]]''.;1981:9 September, Lacan dies in Paris.<!--;1901 - 1938:[[Lacan]] studies medicine and [[psychiatry]] and completes his [[De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité|doctoral thesis]] on [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[psychosis]]. He presents a paper on the [[mirror stage]] - his first theoretical contribution to [[psychoanalysis]] - at a conference of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] in [[Marienbad]].;1938 - 1953 :[[Lacan]] is a member of the ''[[Société psychanalytique de Paris]]'' until he resigns to join the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]''.;1953 - 1963:[[Lacan]] begins his first [[public]] [[seminar]] (which he will continue to give annually until his [[death]]). Thereafter, he rises to become a renowned and controversial [[figure ]] in the history international psychoanalytic [[community]].;1963 - 1980:[[Lacan]] leaves the [[SFP]] and founds his own [[school]], the ''[[École Freudienne de Paris]]'' . Following the publication of the [[Écrits]], there is an explosion of interest in his work in France and abroad.--><!--{| class="wikitable" width="100%" cellpadding="2" align="center" bgcolor="ffffff" style="background:#ffffff;width:100%; height:200px; text-align:center; line-height:2.0em;"| width="50px" style="valign:top;" | [[{{Y}}|1901]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1938]]<BR>| align="[[left]]" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] studies medicine and [[psychiatry]] and completes his [[De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité|doctoral thesis]] on [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[psychosis]].He presents a paper on the [[mirror stage]] -- his first theoretical contribution to [[psychoanalysis ]] -- at a conference of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]) in Marienbad.|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1938]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1953]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] is a member of the ([[IPA]] affiliated) ''[[Société psychanalytique de Paris]]'' ([[SPP]]) until he resigns to join the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'' ([[SFP]]).|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1953]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1963]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] begins his first public [[seminar]] (which he will continue to give annually until his death). Thereafter, he rises to become a renowned and controversial figure in the international psychoanalytic community.|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1963]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1980]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] leaves the [[SFP]] (after his "[[expulsion]]" from the [[IPA]]) and founds his own [[school]], the ''[[École Freudienne de Paris]]'' ([[EFP]]). Following the publication of the [[Écrits]] (1966), there is an explosion of interest in his work in France and abroad.|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1980]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1981]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] single-handedly dissolves the [[EFP]] and creates in its stead the ''[[École de la Cause freudienne|Cause freudienne]]''.However, [[Lacan]] soon dissolves the ''[[École de la Cause freudienne|Cause freudienne]]'' and replaces it with the ''[[École de la Cause freudienne]]''.|}-->

==Bibliography==<blockquote>''[[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|Click here]] has become an important figure in many fields beyond for a more [[psychoanalysiscomplete]] [[bibliography]] of [[Jacques Lacan]]'s [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]].''</blockquote>

The [[Lacan]]'s most controversial important theoretical contributions to [[psychoanalystpsychoanalysis]] since were presented in his [[Freudseminar]] himselfs. In 1966, a selection of [[Lacan]] has had an immense influence on literary theory, philosophy, and feminism, as well as on 's most important papers are published under the title ''[[Écrits]]''; in 2006 a complete edition of these works was published in [[psychoanalysisEnglish]] itself.

__NOTOC__ ==Works=={{Jacques Lacan}}[[Category:Psychoanalysis|Lacan, Jacques]] offered his most significant contributions through his [[seminar]] lectures. [[Category:People|Lacan, Jacques]]'s most important papers are collected in his ''[[Écrits]]'' (1966); fewer than one-third of them are included in the English ''[[ÉcritsCategory: A Selection]]'' (1977). Until the publication of ''[[Écrits]]'', the main vector for the dissemination of his ideas was the weekly [[seminar] that began in 1953 and continued until shortly before his death. (confused over a period of more than two decades) Editted transcripts of the [[seminar]] began to be published during his lifetime, and twenty-six volumes re planned.      ==Career== Jacques Lacan|Lacan's career was dogged by controversy and regularly punctuated by conflicts with the psychoanalytic establishment, most of them focusing on his refusal to follow the conventions of the 'analytic hour' and his insistence on using short sessions of varying length during training analyses.  In 1953 [[LacanJacques]] and others resigned from the [[Société Psychanalytique de Paris]] [[Société Parisienne de Psychanalyse]] ([[SPP]]) to found the [[Société Psychanalytique de France]] ([[SPF]]). <!-- [[Category:Index|Lacan, Jacques]]'s continued use of short sessions ensured that the latter was never recognized as a competent society by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]).-> In 1963, similar issues led to a split in the new association and to the foundation of the <!-- [[École Freudienne de Paris]] (Psychoanalytic School of Paris)Category:Looking Awry|Lacan, which was unilaterally dissolved by [[LacanJacques]] himself in 1980.-->