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{{JL}}[[Image:LacanJacques-lacan-TV4.gifjpg|thumb|300px250px|right]]<!-- {{Infobox_Scientist| name = Jacques Lacan| image = Lacan3.jpg| image_width = 200px| caption = | birth_date = [[13 April]] [[1901]]| birth_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]| death_date = [[9 September]] [[1981]]| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]| residence = | citizenship = France| nationality = | ethnicity = | field = [[Psychology]]| work_institution = | alma_mater = | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = | author_abbreviation_bot = | author_abbreviation_zoo = | prizes = | religion = | footnotes = }}-->[[Jacques Lacan|Jacques-Marie Émile Lacan]] ([[Jacques Lacan:Chronology#1901|13 April 1901]] – [[Jacques Lacan:Chronology#1981|9 September 1981]]) was a [[French]] [[psychoanalyst]] and [[psychiatrist]] who made prominent contributions to psychoanalysis, [[philosophy]], and [[literary]] [[theory]]. Giving yearly [[seminars]] in Paris from 1953 to 1981, Lacan influenced France's intellectuals in the 1960s and the 1970s, especially the post-[[structuralist]] [[philosophers]]. His interdisciplinary [[work]] is [[Freudian]], featuring the [[unconscious]], the [[castration]] [[complex]], the ego, [[identification]], and [[language]] as [[subjective]] [[perception]]. His [[ideas]] have had a significant impact on [[critical theory]], [[literary theory]], twentieth-century French philosophy, [[sociology]], [[feminist]] theory and [[clinical]] psychoanalysis.

<!--{| style="line-height:1.5em;valign:top;width:50%;text-align:left;"|class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%;border:0px solid #cccccc;background-color:#ffffff;vertical-align:top"|{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:left;line-height:2em;vertical-align:top;background-color:#ffffff"|-|style="text-align:left;color:#000;line-height:2.5em;align:justify;"||{| width="100%" style="text-align:left;font-size:.95em;line-height:2em;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:3px;" |{{See}}:1. [[Jacques Lacan#Biography|Jacques-Marie Émile LacanBiography]] (April 13, 1901 – September 9, 1981) was a :2. [[FrenchJacques Lacan#Theory|Theory]] ||:3. [[psychiatristJacques Lacan#Practice|Practice]] and :4. [[psychoanalystJacques Lacan#Bibliography|Bibliography]].||A controversial figure in the history of :5. [[psychoanalysisJacques Lacan#See Also|See Also]], :6. [[Jacques Lacan#References|References]] is mostly acknowledged for his impact on a broad range of fields within the [[human]] [[sciences]].{{Also}}|}|}|}-->

<blockquote>''[[Chronology|Click here]] for a more complete chronology of '''Jacques Lacan''''s life]].''</blockquote>;1901:13 April, Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan is [[born]] in Paris, to a [[family]] of solid [[Catholic]] [[tradition]]. He is educated at the collège Stanislas, a Jesuit school. After his ''baccalauréat'' he studies [[medicine]] and later [[psychiatry]].;1927: Starts clinical [[training]], works at [[Sainte-Anne's hospital]]. A year later he works in the Special Infirmary Service where [[Clérambault]] had a [[practice]].;1932:Awarded doctorate for his [[thesis]], ''[[De la psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalité]]''.;1933:The richness of his thesis, especially the [[analysis]] of the [[case]] of [[Aimée]], makes him famous with the [[Surrealist]]s. BEtween this year and 1939 he takes [[Kojève]]'s course at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes [[Etudes]], an "Introduction to the [[reading]] of [[Hegel]].";1934:He [[marries]] [[Marie-Louise]] Blondon, [[mother]] of [[Caroline]], [[Thibaut]] and [[Sibylle]]. While in analysis with Rudolph [[Loewenstein]], Lacan becomes a member of the ''[[[Société Psychanalytique de Paris|Société psychanalytique de Paris]]]]'' ([[Société psychanalytique de Paris|SPP]]).;1940:Works at Val-de-Grâce, the military hospital in Paris. During the [[German]] Occupation, he does not take part in any [[official]] [[activity]].;1946:In 1946, the [[SPP]] resumes its activities and Lacan, with Nacht and Lagache, takes charge of training [[analyses]] and supervisory [[control]] and plays an important [[theoretical]] and institutional [[role]].;1951:The [[SPP]] begins to raise the issue of Lacan's [[short sessions]], as opposed to the standard analytical hour.;1953:In January Lacan is elected President of the [[SPP]]. Six months later he resigns to join the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'' ([[SFP]]) with D. Lagache, F. Dolto, J. Favez-Boutonier among [[others]]. In Rome, Lacan delivers his report, "''[[Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage]]''". On 17 July he marries [[Sylvia]] Maklès, mother of [[Judith]]. That autumn Lacan starts his [[seminar]]s at the [[Hôspital Sainte-Anne]].;1954:The first ten [[seminar]]s elaborate fundamental notions [[about]] [[psychoanalytic]] [[technique]], the essential [[concepts]] of [[psychoanalysis]], and its [[ethics]]. During this period Lacan writes, on the basis of his seminars, conferences and addresses in colloquia, the major [[texts]] that are found in ''[[Ecrits]]'' in 1966.;1956:Celebrities are attracted to his seminars ([[Jean Hyppolite]]'s analysis of [[Freud]]'s article on ''Dé[[négation]]'', given during the first seminar, is a well-known example). [[Alexandre Koyré]], Claude Lévi-[[Strauss]], Maurice [[Merleau-Ponty]], and ethnologist Marcel Griaule, Emile Benveniste among others attend his courses.;1962:[[SFP]] members [[want]] to be recognized by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]). The [[IPA]] issues an ultimatum: Lacan's [[name]] must be crossed off the [[list]] of didacticians.;1963:Two weeks before the expiry of the deadline set by the IPA (31 October), the committee of didacticians of the [[SFP]] gives up its courageous stand of 1962 and pronounces in favour of the ban: Lacan is no longer one of the didacticians.;1964:Lacanians [[form]] a Study Group on Psychoanalysis organized by Jean Clavreul, until Lacan official founds the ''[[Ecole Française de Psychanalyse]]'', which soon becomes the ''[[Ecole Freudienne de Paris]]'' ([[EFP]]). With [[Lévi-Strauss]] and [[Althusser]]'s support, he is appointed lecturer at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.;1965:In January Lacan begins his new seminar on "[[The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]]" at the Ecole Normale Supérieure. His audience is made up of [[analysts]] and young students in philosophy at the ENS, notably [[Jacques -Alain Miller]].;1966:[[Ecrits]], Paris: Seuil 1966. The book draws considerable attention to the [[EFP]], extending far beyond the intelligentsia.;1967:Lacan presents the ''[[Acte]] de Fondation'' of the [[EFP]]; its novelty lies in the procedure of ''[[passe]]''. The ''[[passe]]'' consists of testifying, in front of two ''passeurs'', to one's [[experience]] as an analysand and especially to the crucial [[moment]] of passage from the [[position]] of [[analysand]] to that of [[analyst]]. The ''passeurs'' are chosen by their [[analyst]]s (generally analysts of the EFP) and should be at the same [[stage]] in their [[analytic]] experience as the ''passant''. They listen to him and then, in turn, they testify to what they have heard in front of a committee for approval composed of the director, Lacan, and of some AE, ''[[analyste]]de l'école'' (analyst of the school). This committee's function is to select the analysts of the School and to elaborate, after the selecting [[process]], a 'work of [[doctrine]]'.;1969:The issue of the ''passe'' keeps invading the EFP's [[life]]. "''Le quatrième groupe''" is formed around those who resign from the EFP disputing over Lacan's methods for the analysts' training and accreditation. Lacan takes a stand in the crisis of the [[university]] that follows May [[1968]]: "If psychoanalysis cannot be articulated as a [[knowledge]] and taught as such, it has no [[place]] in the university, which deals only with knowledge." The ENS director finds a pretext for telling Lacan that he is no longer welcome at the ENS at the beginning of the academic year. Moreover, the journal ''Cahiers pour l'[[Analyse]]'' has to cease publication, but [[Vincennes]] appears as an alternative. Michel [[Foucault]] asks Lacan to create and direct the Department of Psychoanlaysis at Vincennes. Thanks to Lévi-Strauss, Lacan moves his seminars to the law school of the Panthéon. ;1974:The Vincennes Department of Psychoanalysis is renamed "[[Le Champ freudien]]" with Lacan its director and [[Jacques-Alain Miller]] its president.;1980:On 9 January, Lacan announces the [[dissolution]] of the EFP and asks those who [[wish]] to continue [[working]] with him to [[state]] their intentions in [[writing]]. He receives over one thousand letters within a week. On 21 February, Lacan announces the founding of the school ''[[La Cause freudienne]]'', later renamed the ''[[Ecole de la Cause freudienne]]''.;1981:9 September, Lacan dies in Paris.<!--;1901 - 1938:[[Lacan]] studies medicine and [[psychiatry]] and completes his [[De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité|doctoral thesis]] on [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[psychosis]]. He presents a paper on the [[mirror stage]] - his first theoretical contribution to [[psychoanalysis]] - at a conference of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] in [[Marienbad]].;1938 - 1953 :[[Lacan]] is a member of the ''[[Société psychanalytique de Paris]]'' until he resigns to join the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]''.;1953 - 1963:[[Lacan]] begins his first [[public]] [[seminar]] (which he will continue to give annually until his [[death]]). Thereafter, he rises to become a renowned and controversial [[figure]] in the international psychoanalytic [[community]].;1963 - 1980:[[Lacan]] leaves the [[SFP]] and founds his own [[school]], the ''[[École Freudienne de Paris]]'' . Following the publication of the [[Écrits]], there is an explosion of interest in his work in France and abroad.--><!--{| class="wikitable" width="100%" cellpadding="2" align="center" bgcolor="ffffff" style="background:#ffffff;width:100%; height:200px; text-align:center; line-height:2.0em;"| width="50px" style="valign:top;" | [[{{Y}}|1901]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1938]]<BR>| align="[[left]]" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] studies medicine and [[psychiatry]] and completes his [[De la psychose paranoiaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité|doctoral thesis]] on [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[psychosis]].He presents a paper on the [[mirror stage]] -- his first theoretical contribution to [[psychoanalysis]] -- at a conference of the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]) in Marienbad.|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1938]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1953]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] is a member of the ([[IPA]] affiliated) ''[[Société psychanalytique de Paris]]'' ([[SPP]]) until he resigns to join the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'' ([[SFP]]).|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1953]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1963]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] begins his first public [[seminar]] (which he will continue to give annually until his death). Thereafter, he rises to become a renowned and controversial figure in the international psychoanalytic community.|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1963]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1980]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] leaves the [[SFP]] (after his "[[expulsion]]" from the [[IPA]]) and founds his own [[school]], the ''[[École Freudienne de Paris]]'' ([[EFP]]). Following the publication of the [[Écrits]] (1966), there is an explosion of interest in his work in France and abroad.|-| width="50px" | [[{{Y}}|1980]]<BR>-<BR>[[{{Y}}|1981]]<BR>| align="left" style="padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 0;" | [[Lacan]] single-handedly dissolves the [[EFP]] and creates in its stead the ''[[École de la Cause freudienne|Cause freudienne]]''.However, [[Lacan]] soon dissolves the ''[[École de la Cause freudienne|Cause freudienne]]'' and replaces it with the ''[[École de la Cause freudienne]]''.|}-->

Originally [[Lacan]] studies medicine and later [[psychiatry]]. In 1927, [[Lacan]] begins his clincial training in [[psychiatry]] at the [[Sainte-Anne hospital]], where he would later teach. In 1931, [[Lacan]] becomes increasingly interest in [[surrealism]] and meets Salvador Dalí. In 1932, [[Lacan]] publishes his doctoral disseration (''[[On paranoiac psychosis in its relations to the personality]]''). In 1933, [[Lacan]] begins to attend [[Alexandre Kojève]]'s lectures on [[Hegel]]'s ''[[Hegel|Phenomenology of Mind]]''. ==Bibliography=The Mirror Stage===In 1936, [[Lacan]] presents his paper on the [[mirror stage]] to the fourteenth congress of the [[IPA]] at Marienbad on 3 August. ===The Seminar===In 1953, [[Lacan]] begins his first public [[seminar]] in [[Hôpital Sainte-Anne]].  These [[seminar]]s, which will continue for twenty-seven years, soon become the principal platform for [[Lacan]]'s teaching. ==Works== In 1966, a selection of [[Lacan]]'s collected papers are published under the title <blockquote>''[[Écrits]]''. [[Jacques Lacan]]'s most important papers are collected in his ''[[Écrits]]'' (1966); fewer than one-third of them are included in the English ''[[Écrits: A SelectionBibliography|Click here]]'' (1977). [[Lacan]] presented his most important theoretical contributions to [[psychoanalysis]] through his [[seminar]].  ==Institutional Organizations== In 1934, [[Lacan]] begins his [[analysis]] with [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], and joins the [[Société Psychoanalytique de Paris]] ([[SPP]]) as a candidate member. In 1938, [[Lacan]] becomes a full member of the [[SPP]]. Since 1938, [[Lacan]] was for a member of the [[SPP]], which was a member body of the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] (more [[IPAcomplete]]).  In 1951, the [[SPPbibliography]] begins to raise the issue of [[Jacques Lacan]]'s practice of using sessions of variable duration, as opposed to the standard analytical hour. [[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|work]] defends his use of short sessions. In 1953, [[Lacan]] is elected president of the [[SPP]]. However, six months later he resigns from the [[SPP]] to join the [[Société Française de Psychanalyse]] ([[SFP]]) with D. Lagache, F. Dolto, J. Favez-Boutonier among others. The [[SFP]] sought to become recognized by the [[IPA]] as a member society. In 1963, the [[SFP]] is granted affiliation to the [[IPA]] as a member society on condition that [[Lacan]] be removed from the list of training analysts.''</blockquote>

In 1963, [[Lacan]] resigns from the 's most important theoretical contributions to [[SFPpsychoanalysis]] and founds were presented in his own [[schoolseminar]]s. In 1966, a selection of [[Lacan]]'s most important papers are published under the title ''[[École Freudienne de ParisÉcrits]] (''; in 2006 a complete edition of these works was published in [[EFPEnglish]]).

In 1981, the <!--==See Also=={{See}}* [[schoolPsychoanalysis]]* [[Psychology]]||* [[Return to Freud]]* [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]|Cause freudienne|* [[Ego-psychology]] is dissolved and the * [[schoolKleinian psychoanalysis]]||École de la Cause freudienne* [[Object-relations theory]] is created to replace it.{{Also}}-->

[[Lacan]] dies in Paris on 9 September, 1981 at the age of eighty.   ==BibliographyExternal Links==''[[Work of Jacques Lacan|Click herehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lacan Wikipedia Entry]] for a more complete bibliography of [[Jacques Lacan]]'s work.''

* ''__NOTOC__{{Jacques Lacan}}[[The Language of the SelfCategory: The Function of Language in Psychoanalysis|Lacan, Jacques]]''*, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968* ''[[ÉcritsCategory: A SelectionPeople|Lacan, Jacques]]''*, transl. by Alan Sheridan, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1977, and revised version, 2002, transl. by Bruce Fink* ''[[ÉcritsCategory: The First Complete Edition in English]]''Jacques Lacan|Lacan, transl. by Bruce Fink in collaboration with Héloïse Fink and Russell Grigg, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006* ''[[The Four Fundamental Concepts of PsychoanalysisJacques]]''* ''[[The Seminar, Book I. Freud's Papers on Technique, 1953<!-1954]]'',, edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by J. Forrester, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1988* ''[[The SeminarCategory:Index|Lacan, Book II. The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis, 1954-1955Jacques]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Sylvana Tomaselli, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1988.* ''[[The Seminar, Book III. The Psychoses]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Russell Grigg, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1993.>* ''[[The Seminar, Book VII. The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, 1959<!-1960]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Dennis Porter, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1992.*''[[The Seminar XICategory:Looking Awry|Lacan, The Four Fundamental Concepts of PsychoanalysisJacques]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Alan Sheridan, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1977.*''[[The Seminar XX, Encore: On Feminine Sexuality, the Limits of Love and Knowledge]]'', edited by Jacques-Alain Miller, transl. by Bruce Fink, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1998.*''[[Television: A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment]]'', ed. Joan Copjec, trans. Jeffrey Mehlman, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1990.>