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It is important to note that the English word "[[language]]" corresponds to two [[French]] [[words]]: ''[[langue]]'' and ''[[langage]]''.
These two words have quite different [[meanings]] in [[Lacan]]'s [[work]]: ''[[langue]]'' usually refers to a specific [[language]], such as French or [[English]], whereas ''[[langage]]'' refers to the [[system]] of [[language]] in general, abstracting from all [[particular]] languages.
==Lacanian Psychoanalysis===Jacques Lacan=====It is fundamentally the general structure of [[language]] (''[[langage]]''), rather than the differences between particular languages ('''[[langue]]s'') that interests [[Lacan]]. When [[reading]] [[Lacan]] in English it is therefore essential to be aware of which term is used in the original French; most of the [[time]] the French term will be ''[[langage]]''. =====Psychoanalytic Experience=====Between 1936 and 1949 references to [[language]] are sparse, but they are significant; already in 1936, for example, [[Lacan]] emphasizes that [[language]] is constitutive of the [[psychoanalytic]] [[experience]],<ref>{{Ec}} p.82</ref> and in 1946 he argues that it is [[impossible]] to [[understand]] [[madness]] without addressing the problem of [[language]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 166</ref> [[Lacan]]'s comments on [[language]] at this time do not contain any references to a specific [[linguistics|linguistic theory]], and instead are dominated by [[philosophy|philosophical allusions]], mainly in [[terms]] derived from [[Hegel]]. Thus [[language]] is seen primarily as a mediating element which permits the [[subject]] to attain [[recognition]] from the other.<ref>{{E}} p. 9</ref> Above and beyond its use for conveying information, [[language]] is first and foremost an appeal to an interlocutor; in [[Jakobson]]'s terms, [[Lacan]] stresses the connative function above the referential. Thus he insists that [[langage]] is not a nomenclature.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 166</ref> =====Anthropology and Phenomenology=====From 1950 to 1954 [[language]] begins to occupy the central [[position]] that it will hold in [[Lacan]]'s work thereafter. In this period, [[Lacan]]'s [[discussion]] of [[language]] is dominated by references to [[Heideggerian]] [[phenomenology]] and, more importantly, to the [[anthropology]] of [[language]] ([[Anthropology|Maus, Malinowski, and Lévi-Strauss]]. [[Language]] is thus seen as [[structure|structuring]] the [[law|social laws of exchange]], as a symbolic pact, etc. There are also occasional references to [[rhetoric]], but these are not elaborated.<ref>{{E}} p. 169</ref> There are a few allusions to [[Saussure]],<ref>{{S1}} p. 248</ref> but in his famous "[[Rome Discourse]]" [[Lacan]] establishes an opposition between ''[[parole]]'' and ''[[language|langage]]'' (and not, as [[Saussure]] does, between ''[[parole]]'' and ''[[language|langue]]''.<ref>{{L}}. "''[[Fonction]] et [[champ]] de la parole et du langage en [[psychanalyse]].''" 1953a. In {{E}} p. 237-322. ("[[The Primary Importance function and field of speech and language in psychoanalysis]].") In {{E}}. p. 30-113</ref> ====="The Unconscious is Structured like a Language "=====Between 1955 and 1970 [[language]] takes center [[stage]] and [[Lacan]] develops his classic [[thesis]] that "the unconscious is [[structured]] like a language."<ref>{{S11}} p. 20</ref> It is in Psychoanalytic Treamentthis period that the names [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] and [[Roman Jakobson]] come to the fore in [[Lacan]]'s [[Works of Jacques Lacan|work]]. =====Structural Linguistics=====It [[Lacan]] takes up [[Saussure]]'s [[theory]] that [[language]] is a [[structure]] composed of differential elements, but whereas [[Saussure]] had stated this of ''[[language|langue]]'', [[Lacan]] states it of ''[[language|langage]]''. ''[[language|Langage]]'' becomes, for [[Lacan]], the emphasis placed by single paradigm of all [[structures]]. [[Lacan]]ian then proceeds to criticize the [[Saussure]]an [[concept]] of [[psychoanalysislanguage]], arguing that the basic unit of [[language]] is not the [[sign]] but the [[signifier]]. [[Lacan]] then argues that the [[unconscious]] is usually regarded , like [[language]], a [[structure]] of [[signifiers]], which also allows [[Lacan]] to formulate the [[category]] of the [[symbolic]] with greater precision. In 1969 [[Lacan]] develops a concept of [[discourse]] as its most distinctive featurea kind of [[discourse|social bond]]. =====Psychotic Language=====From 1971 on, the shift from [[linguistics]] to [[mathematics]] as the paradigm of [[science|scientificity]] is accompanied by a tendency to emphasize the [[poetry]] and ambiguity of [[language]], as is evident in [[Lacan]]'s increasing interest in the "[[psychotic]] [[language]]" of [[James Joyce]].<ref>{{L}}. "[[Joyce]] le symptôme." 1975a. In Jacques Aubert (ed.), ''Joyce avec Lacan''. [[Paris]]: Navarin, 1987.</ref> [[Lacan]]'s own style reflects this [[change]] as it becomes ever more densely populated with puns and neologisms.
=====''Lalangue''=====[[Lacan]] criticizes coins the way that other forms of term ''[[psychoanalysis]], such as [[Kleinian psychoanalysislanguage|lalangue]] '' (from the definite article ''la'' and [[object-relations theory]], tend to play down the importance of noun ''[[language|langue]] and emphasize the "'') to refer to these non-verbal communication" communicative aspects of the [[analysandlanguage]] (his "body languagewhich, by playing on ambiguity and homophony," etc.) at the expense give rise to a kind of the ''[[analysandjouissance]]'s [[speech]])'.<ref>{{S20}} p.126</ref>
This is, however, not correct; [[Schema LLacan]] represents these two dimensions of argues that [[language]] by means of two axes which intersecthas both a [[symbolic]] and an [[imaginary]] [[dimension]].
The [[imaginarysymbolic|symbolic dimension]] axis ''a'''-''a'' is of [[language]] in its [[imaginary]] dimension, is that of the wall of [[languagesignifier]] which interrupts, distorts and inverts the [[discourse]] of the [[Otherspeech|true speech]].
[[Schema L]] represents these two dimensions of [[language]] by means of two axes which intersect.
The [[Lacanimaginary]] distinguishes between axis ''a'''-''a'' is [[language]]s and in its [[code]]s; unlike [[codeimaginary|imaginary dimension]]s, in the wall of [[language]] there is no stable one-to-one correspondence between [[sign]] which interrupts, distorts and [[signinversion|referentinvert]], nor between s the [[signifieddiscourse]] and of the [[signifierOther]].
=====Languages and Codes=====
[[Lacan]] distinguishes between [[language]]s and [[code]]s; unlike [[code]]s, in [[language]] there is no [[stable]] one-to-one correspondence between [[sign]] and [[sign|referent]], nor between [[signified]] and [[signifier]].
It is this property of [[language]] which gives rise to the inherent ambiguity of all [[discourse]], which can only be [[interpreted]] by playing on the homophony and other forms of equivocation (''l'équivoque'').
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Analysand]]
* [[Analyst]]
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* [[Code]]
* [[Discourse]]
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* [[Linguistics]]
* [[Other]]
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* [[Sign]]
* [[Signified]]
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* [[Signifier]]
* [[Speech]]
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* [[Structure]]
* [[Symbolic]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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[[Category:Symbolic]]