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"=====Jacques Lacan==========Early Work=====While [[linguisticsLacan]]s interest in [[language]] can be traced back to the early 1930s, when he [[analyzed]] the [[writing]]s of a [[psychotic]] [[woman]] in his [[doctoral dissertation]], it is only in the early 1950s that he begins to articulate his views of [[language]]" (in [[Frterms]]. ''derived from a specific [[linguistics|linguistic theory]], and not until 1957 that he begins to engage with [[linguistiquelinguistics]]'')in any detail.

While In so doing, [[LacanLévi-Strauss]]s interest announced an ambitious programme, in which [[languagelinguistics]] can be traced back to the early 1930s, when he analyzed the writings would provide a paradigm of a [[psychotic]] [[womanscience|scientificity]] in his doctoral dissertation, it is only in for all the early 1950s that he begins to articulate his views of [[languagesocial]] in terms derived from a specific linguistic theory,a dn not until 1957 that he begins to engage with [[linguisticssciences]] in any detail.:

<blockquote>"Structural linguistics will certainly play the same renovating [[role]] with respect to the social sciences that nuclear [[physics]], for example, has played for the [[physical]] sciences."<ref>[[Claude Lévi-Strauss|Lévi-Strauss, Claude]]. 1945. "Structural [[analysis]] in linguistics and in anthropology," in ''Structural Anthropology'', trans. Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, New York: Basic Books, 1963. p.33</ref></blockquote>

=====Jacques Lacan==========Psychoanalytic Theory=====Following the indications of [[LacanLévi-Strauss]]'s "linguistic turn" was inspired by the , [[anthropology|anthropologicalLacan]] work of turns to [[Claude Lévi-Strausslinguistics]] who, in the 1940s, had begun to apply the methods of provide [[structure|structuralpsychoanalytic theory]] with a [[linguisticsconceptual]] to non-linguistic cultural data (myth, kinship relations, etc.), thus giving brith to "structural anthropologyrigour that it previously lacked."

In so doingThe [[reason]] for this [[lack]] of conceptual rigour was simply due, [[Lévi-StraussLacan]] announced an ambitious programmeargues, in which to the fact that [[linguistics|structural linguistics]] would provide a paradigm of appeared too late for [[science|scientificityFreud]] for all the social sciences:to make use of it.

<blockquote>"Structural linguistics will certainly play the same renovating role with respect to the social sciences that nuclear physics, for example, has played for the physical sciences."<ref>Levi-Strauss. 1945. p.33</ref></blockquote> --- Following the indications of [[Lévi-Strauss]], [[Lacan]] turns to [[linguistics]] to provide [[psychoanalytic theory]] with a conceptual rigour that it previously lacked. The reason for this lakc of ocnceptual rigour was simply due, [[Lacan]] argues, to the fact that [[linguistics|structural lingusitics]] appeared too alte for [[=====Sigmund Freud]] to make use of it.=====howeverHowever, [[Lacan]] argues that when [[Freud]] is reread in the light of [[linguistics|linguistic theory]], a coherent [[logic ]] is revealed which is not otherwise [[apparent]]; indeed, [[Freud]] can even be seen to have anticipated certain elements of modenr modern [[linguistics|linguistic theory]].<ref>{{E}} p.162</ref> --

References to the work of other influential linguistics... are almost completely absent from [[Lacan]]'s work.=====Ferdinand de Saussure=====There is a corresponding focus on the [[signSaussure]], rhetorical tropes, and phoneme analysis, at was the espense of an almost complete neglect of other areas founder of "[[linguistics|structural linguistics]] such as syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics and language acquisition."

=====''Langue'' and ''Parole''==========Concept of the Sign=====This led him to develop his famous [[Saussuredistinction]] was between ''[[langue]]'' and ''[[parole]]'', and his [[concept]] of the founder [[sign]] as composed of 'structural lingusiticstwo elements: [[signifier]] and [[signified]].'

In contrast to ====="Course in General Linguistics"=====All these [[ideas]] are developed in [[Saussure]]'s most famous work, the study of language "Course in the nineteenth centuryGeneral Linguistics, " which was constructed by his students from [[notes]] they had been exclusively taken at [[Saussure]]''diachronic'' (is lectures at the Unviersity of Geneva and published [[three]] years after his [[death]].e<ref>[[Saussure|Saussure, Ferdinand de]]. focusing exclusively on the ways that languages change over time(1916), ''[[Saussure|Course in General Linguistics]] argued that linguists should also be ''synchronic'' (i, ed. Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, trans.eWade Baskin, Glasgow: Collins Fontana. focus on the state of a language at a given point in time)p.114</ref>

This led him to deelop his famous distinction between ''langue'' and ''aprole''=====Roman Jakobson=====[[Jakobson]] further developed the line laid down by [[Saussure]], and his concept of pioneering the [[signdevelopment]] of phonology, as well as composed making important contributions to the fields of two elements: [[signifiergrammatical]] semantics, pragmatics and [[signified]]poetics.

All these ideas are developed in =====Jacques Lacan==========Language as Structure, System of Signifiers=====From [[Saussure]]'s most famous work, [[Lacan]] borrows the ''Course in General Linguistics[[concepts]] of [[language]] as a [[structure]]," which was constructed by his students from notes they although whereas [[Saussure]] had taken at conceived it as a [[Saussuresystem]] of [[sign]]'s lectures at the Unviersity , [[Lacan]] conceives it as a system of Geneva and published three years after his death.<ref>Saussure[[signifier]]s. 1916</ref>

=====Metaphor and Metonymy=====From [[Jakobson]] further developed , [[Lacan]] borrows the line laid down by concepts of [[metaphor]] and [[Saussuremetonymy]], pioneering as the development of phonologytwo axes ([[synchronic]] and [[diachronic]]) along which all [[linguistics|linguistic phenomena]] are aligned, as well as making important contributions using these terms to the fields [[understand]] [[Freud]]'s concepts of grammatical semantics, pragmatics [[condensation]] and poetics[[displacement]].

From Saussure, Lacan borrows the concepts =====Linguistics and Psychoanalytic Theory==========Psychoanalytic Use of language as a structure, although whereas Saussure had conceived it as a sytem Linguistic Concepts=====In his borrowing of signs[[linguistic]] [[:category:concepts|concepts]], [[Lacan conceives it as a system ]] has been accused of signifiersgrossly distorting [[them]].

From Jakobson, Lacan borrows the cocnepts of [[metaphorLacan]] and [[metonymy] as the two axes (synchronic and diachronic) along hwich all lingusitic phenomena are aligne,d using these terms responds to understand such criticisms by arguing that he is not doing [[Freudlinguistics]]'s concepts of but [[condensationpsychoanalysis]] , and this requires a certain modification of the concepts borrowed from [[displacementlinguistics]].

Other concepts which In the end, [[Lacan]] takes from is not really interested in [[linguistics|linguistic theory]] are those of in itself, but only in the ways it can be used to develop [[shifterpsychoanalytic theory]], and the distinciton ebtwen the .<ref>{{L}} ''[[statementSeminar XVIII|Le Seminaire. Livre XVIII. D'un discours qui ne serait pas du semblant, 1970-71]] and the '', unpublished. [[enunciationSeminar]]of 27 January 1971.</ref>

In his borrowing of linguistic concepts, [[Lacan]] has been accused of grossly distorting them. [[lacan]] responds to such criticisms by arguing that he is not doing [[linguistics]] but [[psychoanalysis]], and this requires a certain modification of the concepts borrowed from [[linguistics]]. In the end, [[Lacan]] Linguistics is not really interested in linguistic theory in itself, but only in concerned with the ways it can be used to develop [[psychoanalytic theoryformalization]].<ref>Lacan. 1970-1. seminar of 27 january 1971</ref> It was this that led language and [[Lacanknowledge]] to coin the neologism ''linguistérie'' (from the words ''linguistique'' and ''hystérie'') to refer to his psychoanalytic use of linguistic concepts.<ref>{{S20}} p.20</ref> 

Fink rather nicely translates ''[[la linguisterie]]'' as '[[Lacanlinguistricks]]'s concept , which serves to emphasize the playfulness of the [[letterunconscious]] and the way it is always trying to trip the [[subject of a critique by ]] up, playing tricks on [[Jacques Derridaconscious]] (1975) and by two of Derrida's follows (Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy, 1973). [[Lacanthought]] refers to the latter work in his 1972-3 seminar.<ref>{{S20}} p.62-6.</ref>