https://nosubject.com/index.php?title=Masculinity/femininity&feed=atom&action=historyMasculinity/femininity - Revision history2024-03-29T08:09:28ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.0https://nosubject.com/index.php?title=Masculinity/femininity&diff=46584&oldid=prev127.0.0.1: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles">https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles</a>).2019-05-20T19:11:50Z<p>The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles">https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles</a>).</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:11, 20 May 2019</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The feeling of belonging to a gender, masculine or feminine, has different meanings: first, a biological meaning that refers to primary and secondary sexual characteristics; second, a sociological meaning that has to do with the real and symbolic roles that society attributes to men and women; and finally, a psychological meaning that considers the ensemble of traits belonging to either gender.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>feeling<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of belonging to a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>gender<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>masculine<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>feminine<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, has different <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>meanings<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>: first, a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>biological<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] [[</ins>meaning<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>that refers to primary and secondary <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>sexual<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>characteristics; second, a sociological meaning that has to do with the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>real<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>symbolic<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>roles that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>society<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>attributes to men and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>women<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; and finally, a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>psychological<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>meaning that considers the ensemble of traits belonging to either gender.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As early as 1897, in his correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess, Sigmund Freud showed interest in the masculine/feminine dichotomy from two different, complementary perspectives: that of bisexuality and that of psychosexual development. He continued his study in "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" (1905d), and then further refined his thinking in an article, "Feminine Sexuality" (1931b) and in lecture 33, "Femininity," in his "New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis" (1933a [1932]).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As early as 1897, in his correspondence with Wilhelm <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Fliess<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, Sigmund <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Freud<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>showed interest in the masculine/feminine dichotomy from two different, complementary perspectives: that of bisexuality and that of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>psychosexual<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] [[</ins>development<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. He continued his study in "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Three<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>Essays on the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Theory<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Sexuality<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>" (1905d), and then further refined his <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>thinking<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>in an article, "Feminine Sexuality" (1931b) and in lecture 33, "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Femininity<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>," in his "New Introductory Lectures on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Psycho<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Analysis<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>" (1933a [1932]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Freud upheld the notion of a bisexuality that involves, in every human being, a more or less harmonious and more or less accepted synthesis of masculine and feminine traits. In developing his hypotheses, he was unable to relinquish the idea of biological bisexuality, even though he attributed a dominant role to the interplay of oedipal and preoedipal identifications.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Freud upheld the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>notion<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of a bisexuality that involves, in every <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>human<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] [[</ins>being<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, a more or less <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>harmonious<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and more or less accepted <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>synthesis<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of masculine and feminine traits. In developing his hypotheses, he was unable to relinquish the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>idea<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of biological bisexuality, even though he attributed a dominant <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>role<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>to the interplay of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>oedipal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>preoedipal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>identifications.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Freud's view, the opposition between masculinity and femininity is preceded by other pairs of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opposites—active</del>/passive, phallic/castrated—that pave the way for it. Furthermore, in his view femininity does not appear until after the reorganization of the psyche that occurs at puberty. This conception of masculinity and femininity comes from the fact that Freud based his theory of sexuality on the prevalence of the phallus for both sexes. The opposition between masculinity and femininity thus tends to become blurred, since both sexes are united in the same repudiation of a femininity that is equated with being deprived of the penis. Only masculinity is identifiable; femininity can only be understood in terms of the negative. Its development remains vulnerable to disturbances resulting from the after-effects of the earlier masculine period—that is, the regressions and fixations of the preoedipal stage. Freud thus envisioned the masculine/feminine dichotomy as an alternation of periods in which one or the other of the elements has the upper hand, including the libido, which pursues masculine or feminine aims in sexual life.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Freud's view, the opposition between <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>masculinity<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and femininity is preceded by <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>other<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>pairs of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opposites—[[active]]</ins>/passive, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>phallic<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>/castrated—that pave the way for it. Furthermore, in his view femininity does not appear until after the reorganization of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>psyche<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>that occurs at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>puberty<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. This conception of masculinity and femininity comes from the fact that Freud based his theory of sexuality on the prevalence of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>phallus<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>for both <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>sexes<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. The opposition between masculinity and femininity thus tends to become blurred, since both sexes are united in the same <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>repudiation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of a femininity that is equated with being deprived of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>penis<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. Only masculinity is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>identifiable<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; femininity can only be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>understood<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>terms<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>negative<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. Its development remains vulnerable to disturbances resulting from the after-effects of the earlier masculine period—that is, the regressions and fixations of the preoedipal <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>stage<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. Freud thus envisioned the masculine/feminine dichotomy as an alternation of periods in which one or the other of the elements has the upper hand, including the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>libido<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, which pursues masculine or feminine aims in sexual <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>life<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Freud himself acknowledged that he was not entirely at ease in his approach to the questions of feminine sexuality and bisexuality. He has often been criticized in this area, notably with regard to his equation of femininity with passivity. Currently, psychoanalytical studies of gender identity and early parent-child interactions have made possible a better understanding of the relationships between masculinity and femininity and their origins.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Freud himself acknowledged that he was not entirely at ease in his approach to the questions of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>feminine sexuality<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and bisexuality. He has often been criticized in this area, notably with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>regard<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>to his equation of femininity with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>passivity<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. Currently, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>psychoanalytical<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>studies of gender <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>identity<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and early parent-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>child<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>interactions have made possible a better <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>understanding<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of the relationships between masculinity and femininity and their origins.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Masculinity and femininity are rooted in the intimacy of the earliest interactive bonds between parents and the child. The processes of "psychobisexualization," a term introduced by Christian David, are established very early on, based on the child's instinctual oppositions, which are modulated by the adaptive capacities of the mother and father. Each parent presents to the child his or her own opposition between masculine and feminine, in a manner that differs according to the baby's sex. This abundance of interactive material further informs the oppositions already active within the infant (presence/absence, active/passive, phallic/castrated, good/bad), paving the way for the masculine/feminine opposition, which only appears, as such, in the oedipal stage.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Masculinity and femininity are rooted in the intimacy of the earliest interactive bonds between <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>parents<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and the child. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>processes<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of "psychobisexualization," a term introduced by <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Christian<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>David, are established very early on, based on the child's <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>instinctual<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>oppositions, which are modulated by the adaptive capacities of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>mother<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>father<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. Each parent presents to the child his or her own opposition between masculine and feminine, in a manner that differs according to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>baby<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>'s sex. This abundance of interactive <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>material<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>further informs the oppositions already active within the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>infant<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>presence<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>/absence, active/passive, phallic/castrated, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>good<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>/bad), paving the way for the masculine/feminine opposition, which only appears, as such, in the oedipal stage.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other authors have considered the question from the more archaic perspective of psychic envelopes, which also contain a dichotomy capable of grounding the opposition between masculine and feminine.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other authors have considered the question from the more archaic perspective of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>psychic<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>envelopes, which also contain a dichotomy capable of grounding the opposition between masculine and feminine.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In any case, it is the baby that solicits the parents in one register or another, and not necessarily the father in his masculine aspects or the mother in her feminine aspects. The father and the mother, through regressive identifications, enter into communication with the child, incorporating varying amounts of their own masculine and feminine components. The child discovers the difference between the sexes within these interrelationships and internalizes, in variable proportions, the ensemble of both masculine and feminine components, to establish the basic framework of his or her own psychic bisexuality.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In any <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>case<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, it is the baby that solicits the parents in one <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>register<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>another<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, and not necessarily the father in his masculine aspects or the mother in her feminine aspects. The father and the mother, through <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>regressive<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>identifications, enter into <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>communication<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>with the child, incorporating varying amounts of their own masculine and feminine components. The child discovers the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>difference<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>between the sexes within these interrelationships and internalizes, in variable proportions, the ensemble of both masculine and feminine components, to establish the basic framework of his or her own psychic bisexuality.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Masculinity and femininity are situated at the crossroads of, on the one hand, interactions in the here and now, and on the other, maternal and paternal transgenerational filiations.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Masculinity and femininity are situated at the crossroads of, on the one hand, interactions in the here and now, and on the other, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>maternal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and paternal transgenerational filiations.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PHILIPPE METELLO</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PHILIPPE METELLO</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See also: Activity/passivity; Castration complex; "Claims of Psycho-Analysis to Scientific Interest"; Conflict; Dark continent; Female sexuality; Feminine masochism; Femininity; Femininity, rejection of; Feminism and psychoanalysis; Gender identity; Homosexuality; "New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis"; Penis envy; Perversion; Phallic stage; Phallic woman; Psychology of Women, The. A Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Real, Symbolic, and Imaginary father; "Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Difference between the Sexes"; Termination of treatment.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See also: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Activity<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>/passivity; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Castration<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] [[</ins>complex<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; "Claims of Psycho-Analysis to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Scientific<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>Interest"; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Conflict<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Dark continent<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Female<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>sexuality; Feminine <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>masochism<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; Femininity; Femininity, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>rejection<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Feminism<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>psychoanalysis<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Gender identity<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Homosexuality<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; "New <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>"; Penis <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>envy<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Perversion<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Phallic stage<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; Phallic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>woman<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Psychology<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of Women, The. A <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Psychoanalytic<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] [[</ins>Interpretation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>; Real, Symbolic, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Imaginary<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>father; "Some <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Psychical<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>Consequences of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Anatomical<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>Difference between the Sexes"; <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Termination<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>treatment<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bibliography</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Bibliography<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>     * Chiland, Colette. (1999). Le sexe mène le monde. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>     * Chiland, Colette. (1999). Le sexe mène le monde. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.</div></td></tr>
</table>127.0.0.1https://nosubject.com/index.php?title=Masculinity/femininity&diff=9543&oldid=prevRiot Hero at 06:02, 4 July 20062006-07-04T06:02:45Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The feeling of belonging to a gender, masculine or feminine, has different meanings: first, a biological meaning that refers to primary and secondary sexual characteristics; second, a sociological meaning that has to do with the real and symbolic roles that society attributes to men and women; and finally, a psychological meaning that considers the ensemble of traits belonging to either gender.<br />
<br />
As early as 1897, in his correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess, Sigmund Freud showed interest in the masculine/feminine dichotomy from two different, complementary perspectives: that of bisexuality and that of psychosexual development. He continued his study in "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" (1905d), and then further refined his thinking in an article, "Feminine Sexuality" (1931b) and in lecture 33, "Femininity," in his "New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis" (1933a [1932]).<br />
<br />
Freud upheld the notion of a bisexuality that involves, in every human being, a more or less harmonious and more or less accepted synthesis of masculine and feminine traits. In developing his hypotheses, he was unable to relinquish the idea of biological bisexuality, even though he attributed a dominant role to the interplay of oedipal and preoedipal identifications.<br />
<br />
In Freud's view, the opposition between masculinity and femininity is preceded by other pairs of opposites—active/passive, phallic/castrated—that pave the way for it. Furthermore, in his view femininity does not appear until after the reorganization of the psyche that occurs at puberty. This conception of masculinity and femininity comes from the fact that Freud based his theory of sexuality on the prevalence of the phallus for both sexes. The opposition between masculinity and femininity thus tends to become blurred, since both sexes are united in the same repudiation of a femininity that is equated with being deprived of the penis. Only masculinity is identifiable; femininity can only be understood in terms of the negative. Its development remains vulnerable to disturbances resulting from the after-effects of the earlier masculine period—that is, the regressions and fixations of the preoedipal stage. Freud thus envisioned the masculine/feminine dichotomy as an alternation of periods in which one or the other of the elements has the upper hand, including the libido, which pursues masculine or feminine aims in sexual life.<br />
<br />
Freud himself acknowledged that he was not entirely at ease in his approach to the questions of feminine sexuality and bisexuality. He has often been criticized in this area, notably with regard to his equation of femininity with passivity. Currently, psychoanalytical studies of gender identity and early parent-child interactions have made possible a better understanding of the relationships between masculinity and femininity and their origins.<br />
<br />
Masculinity and femininity are rooted in the intimacy of the earliest interactive bonds between parents and the child. The processes of "psychobisexualization," a term introduced by Christian David, are established very early on, based on the child's instinctual oppositions, which are modulated by the adaptive capacities of the mother and father. Each parent presents to the child his or her own opposition between masculine and feminine, in a manner that differs according to the baby's sex. This abundance of interactive material further informs the oppositions already active within the infant (presence/absence, active/passive, phallic/castrated, good/bad), paving the way for the masculine/feminine opposition, which only appears, as such, in the oedipal stage.<br />
<br />
Other authors have considered the question from the more archaic perspective of psychic envelopes, which also contain a dichotomy capable of grounding the opposition between masculine and feminine.<br />
<br />
In any case, it is the baby that solicits the parents in one register or another, and not necessarily the father in his masculine aspects or the mother in her feminine aspects. The father and the mother, through regressive identifications, enter into communication with the child, incorporating varying amounts of their own masculine and feminine components. The child discovers the difference between the sexes within these interrelationships and internalizes, in variable proportions, the ensemble of both masculine and feminine components, to establish the basic framework of his or her own psychic bisexuality.<br />
<br />
Masculinity and femininity are situated at the crossroads of, on the one hand, interactions in the here and now, and on the other, maternal and paternal transgenerational filiations.<br />
<br />
PHILIPPE METELLO<br />
<br />
See also: Activity/passivity; Castration complex; "Claims of Psycho-Analysis to Scientific Interest"; Conflict; Dark continent; Female sexuality; Feminine masochism; Femininity; Femininity, rejection of; Feminism and psychoanalysis; Gender identity; Homosexuality; "New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis"; Penis envy; Perversion; Phallic stage; Phallic woman; Psychology of Women, The. A Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Real, Symbolic, and Imaginary father; "Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Difference between the Sexes"; Termination of treatment.<br />
Bibliography<br />
<br />
* Chiland, Colette. (1999). Le sexe mène le monde. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.<br />
* David, Christian. (1975). La bisexualité psychique, élément d'une réévaluation. Revue française de psychanalyse, 39 (5-6), 713-856.<br />
* Freud, Sigmund. (1931b). Feminine sexuality. SE, 21: 221-243.<br />
* ——. (1933a [1932]). New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. SE, 22: 1-182.<br />
* ——. (1950a [1887-1902]). Extracts from the Fliess papers. SE, 1: 173-280.</div>Riot Hero