Difference between revisions of "Matheme"

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{{Top}}mathème{{Bottom}}
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| [[French]]: ''[[mathème{{Bottom}}
  
=====Background=====
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The term [[matheme|mathème]] is a neologism which [[Lacan]] derives from the [[word]] "[[mathematics]], presumably by analogy with the term ''[[mytheme]]'' (a term coined by [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] to denote the basic constituents of [[myth]]ological [[system]]s).<ref>[[Claude Lévi-Strauss|Lévi-Strauss, Claude]]. 1955.</ref>  The [[matheme]]s are part of [[algebra|Lacanian algebra]].
The term "[[matheme]]" is a neologism coined by [[Jacques Lacan]] in the early 1970s.
 
  
Formed by derivation from "[[mathematics]]" and by analogy with [[phoneme]] and [[Lévi-Strauss]]'s [[mytheme]],<ref>''Mytheme'' is a term coined by [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] to denote the basic constituents of mythological systems.</ref> the term is an equivalent to "[[algebra|mathematical sign]]".  It is not used in conventional [[mathematics]], but is part of [[Lacan]]'s [[algebra]].
+
<!-- The [[matheme]] is a [[concept]] introduced in the [[{{LB}}|work]] of [[Jacques Lacan]].  The "[[matheme]]" is a neologism coined by [[Jacques Lacan]] in the early 1970s.  Formed by derivation from "[[mathematics]]" and by analogy with [[phoneme]] and [[Lévi-Strauss]]'s [[mytheme]],<ref>''Mytheme'' is a term coined by [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] to denote the basic constituents of mythological systems.</ref> the term is an equivalent to "[[algebra|mathematical sign]]".  It is not used in conventional [[mathematics]], but is part of [[Lacan]]'s [[algebra]]. -->
  
=====
+
==Schema L==
[[Lacan]] begins to use a variety of graphs and 'schemata' at an early stage in his work.
+
[[Image:Schema.L.simplifie.gif|thumb|150px|right|Schema L]]
  
Originally used as teaching aids, these range from teh relatively simply '[[schema L]]' illustrating the [[imaginary]] function of the [[ego]] in the 1966 pape on [[psychosis]] to the complex chart of the workings of [[desire]] (1960).
+
In 1955, [[Lacan]] introduced what could be called his first [[matheme]], the relatively simple "'''[[schema L]]'''", illustrating the [[imaginary|imaginary function]] of the [[ego]].
  
Perhaps the most familiar is the 'algorithm' which in 1957 replaces [[Saussure]]'s simple diagram of the [[sign]]
+
'''[[Schema L]]''' [[identification|identifies]] four points in the [[signifying chain]]:
 +
# [[Image:CapitalA.gif]], the [[unconscious]] or the "[[discourse]] of the [[Other]]]", and then .
 +
# [[Image:Smalls.gif]], the [[subject]], which in turn results from the relation between
 +
# [[Image:Schema.L.smalla.gif]], the [[ego]] and
 +
# [[Image:Schema.L.smalla'.gif]], the [[counterpart|other]].
  
<center>---------<BR>arbor</center>
+
==Signifier==
 +
[[Image:SAUSSUREANALGORITHM.gif|thumb|100px|right|Saussurean algorithm|The Saussurean algorithm]]
  
with the notation
+
Perhaps the most familiar [[matheme]] is the "[[matheme|algorithm]]" which in 1957 replaces [[Saussure]]'s simple diagram / arbor with the [[notion]] '''S/s'''.  In 1957, [[Lacan]] replaces [[Saussure]]'s diagram of the [[sign]] with what is now referred to as the  "'''[[Saussurean algorithm]]'''".<ref>{{E}} p. 149</ref>  The [[matheme]] [[links]] the [[law]]s of the [[unconscious]] discovered by [[Freud]] to the [[law]]s of [[language]] ([[metaphor]] and [[metonymy]]).
  
<center>[[Image:SAUSSUREANALGORITHM.gif|200px]]</center>
+
This is to be [[understood]] as demonstrating that the [[signifier]] is above the [[signified]] , showing the primacy of the [[signifier]] (which is capitalized, whereas the [[signified]] is reduced to mere lower-[[case]] italic), and that the two are separated by a [[bar]] that resists [[signification]] and forces the [[signifier]] to [[slip|slide]] endlessly.<ref>{{L}} "[[The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud|L'instance de la lettre dans l'inconscient ou la raison depuis Freud]]." ''[[Écrits]]''. [[Paris]]: Seuil, 1966: 493-528 ["[[The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud|The agency of the letter in the unconscious or reason since Freud]]." Trans. [[Alan Sheridan]] ''[[Écrits: A Selection]]''. [[London]]: Tavistock, 1977; New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1977: 146-78].</ref>
  
This is to be understood as demonstrating that the [[signifier]] is above the [[signified]], and that the two are separated by a [[bar]] that [[resistance|resists]] [[signification]] and forces the [[signfier]] to [[slip|slide]] endlessly.<ref>{{L}} "[[The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud|L'instance de la lettre dans l'inconscient ou la raison depuis Freud]]." ''[[Écrits]]''. Paris: Seuil, 1966: 493-528 ["[[The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud|The agency of the letter in the unconscious or reason since Freud]]." Trans. [[Alan Sheridan]] ''[[Écrits: A Selection]]''. London: Tavistock, 1977; New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1977: 146-78].</ref>
+
==Compendium==
  
-
+
Lacan first introduced the notion of mathème (matheme) in 1973: in his [[seminar]], of course, but more particularly in 'The Twit' ('L'Étourdit'), his last major piece of [[writing]]. That was the year of Seminar, Book XX, [[Encore]], and p. 108 of the transcript reads: '[[Formalization]] is our [[goal]], our [[ideal]]. Why? Because formalization as such is a mathème: it can be fully transmitted.' 
  
The graphs and schemata gradually become more complex, and are eventually replaced by an "[[algebra]]" of "little letters" or [[matheme]]s in which, for instance, "P" is the [[symbolic]] [[fahter]], and "M" the [[symbolic]] [[mother]].
+
In 'The Twit', he says that he has mathematized his discourse so that it could be taught: 'the unteachable, I turned into a mathème' ([[Scilicet]] 4, 1973, p. 39).  
  
The function of the [[formalization]] that results in the emergence of the [[amtheme]] is said by [[Lacan]] to be the integral transmission of his teachings on [[psychoanalysis]].<BR>{{S20}}
+
But what exactly is a mathème? What does Lacan have in [[mind]]?
 +
Is he [[thinking]] of the [[formulas]] that [[punctuate]] his [[teachings]], such as the formulas for metaphor and metonymy, for [[instance]], or the formulas for [[sexuation]]? Or is he rather thinking of the [[topological]] constructions on the torus and the [[cross-cap]] that he had just introduced, not as metaphor, but as structure itself? 
  
-
+
If one tracks down the word 'mathème' in 'The Twit', it first appears to be intertwined with the topological [[construction]] presented as contributing to the analytical discourse, to its fabric: 'No other fabric to endow it with but the language of a pure matheme, in other [[words]], the only teachable discourse' (1973, p. 28). The definition, which [[identifies]] the mathème with the teachable, supersedes the mathematizable itself, since [[the Real]] can only be apprehended through mathematics, except the real of the [[impossible]] [[sexual]] relation, which, in point of fact, cannot be transcribed by any [[mathematical]] relation: 'This is why the mathèmes which are transcribed as [[dead]]-ends by the mathematizable, that is, the teachable in the Real, are likely to be coordinated to this "impossible" from the Real' (p. 35). 
  
 +
How is the mathème apprehended in the structure of our language? The first mathèmes, the arithmetical [[figures]], are on the border of language, in its fringe: 'The mathème is a product of the only real which is first recognized in language: the arithmetical [[figure]]' (1973, p. 37). The arithmetical figure is on the border between common language and mathematical discourse. The first figures are [[signifiers]], but these quickly become meaningless.
  
 +
In L'Oeuvre Claire (1995), J. C. Milner attempts to define the mathème on the basis of the definitions of phoneme (the [[linguist]]'s phonetic unit) and mytheme (part of a myth). Milner proposes that the mathème is an `atom of knowledge'. But, apart from mathematical [[objects]], there is no such [[thing]] as an atom of knowledge in mathematics. This is in fact what J. A. [[Miller]] means when, talking [[about]] the mathème in the Revue de la [[Cause]] Freudienne No. 33, he says that the aim of the analytical [[experience]] is to `[[know]] one's own mathème' (1996). What is important then, is less to [[formalize]] the knowledge achieved during the [[cure]], than to [[identify]] with one's own mathème. 
  
The two '''formulae''' which are most often referred to as [[matheme]]s were created in 1957 to designate points in the [[graph of desire]].
+
Miller gives the witty example of the triangles and the spheres, but it is obvious that in this [[particular]] context the mathèmes are mathematical objects, such as the [[triangle]] or the sphere, but also the Borromean [[knot]], the torus, the Möbius [[strip]], and the geometrical [[projection]]. These objects are no longer at the edge of language, but rather at the point where the real, [[the imaginary]], and [[the symbolic]] intersect. Rather than [[being]] atoms of knowledge, each one of these objects is a concentrate of knowledge: that which governs the subject's relation to the Real.  This means that, as J. A. Miller makes clear in the abovementioned article, the knowledge which is formalized in the mathème (and intertwined with [[satisfaction]]), represents a stake for the ending of the cure:
  
These [[algebra|formulae]], which were both created to designate points in the [[graph of desire]], are the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]], ('''$ <> D'''), and the [[matheme]] for [[fantasy]], ('''$ <> ''a''''').
+
<blockquote>This is what Lacan has reformulated when he suggested that the experience be carried on to the point when the subject accedes to his own mathème, and more particularly the mathème of the primary fantasy, since this fantasy [[conditions]], indeed, determines, whatever keeps Mr So and So going all through his [[existence]]. (p. 11)</blockquote>
  
-
+
The stakes of the mathème are many. After the fundamental stake, which has to do with the aim of the cure, there is teaching, as my first allusions to the mathème and its definitions make clear; then there is a [[political]] stake and a [[clinical]] one. 
  
The [[structural]] parallel between the two [[matheme]]s is clear; they are both composed of two [[algebra]]ic [[symbol]]s conjoined by a rhomboid (the [[symbol]] '''<>''', which [[Lacan]] calls the ''poinçon'') and enclosed by brackets.
+
If the only valuable teaching is the one that can be transcribed into a mathème, then the teacher's [[role]] is reduced to the ultimate: to transmit an elaboration without having anything to do with it.  The consequence is the same with all writing: Scilicet, the journal where 'The Twit' ('L'Étourdit') was first published is — except for Lacan's [[texts]] — a collection of unsigned articles after Bourbaki's style of presentation, Bourbaki being one of the collective and anonymous mathematical writers of the [[time]]. As J. C. Milner points out in his book on Lacan, the [[master]]'s figure [[disappears]] with the mathèmes: we are left with professors.  
  
The rhomboid [[symbolize]]s a relation between the two [[symbol]]s, which includes the relations of "envelopment-development-conjunction-disjunction."<ref>{{E}} p.280</ref>
+
If one takes Lacan's topology and mathèmes seriously, the clinical [[scene]] changes too. That which makes the symbolic ensnare and bump into the impossible of the real becomes clearer in the light of what Lacan called the topology of signifiers, which taps in the general topology of kinship between signifiers, a topology which, according to Lacan, is budding, if not [[born]], in Freud's '[[Project]]' (Esquisse, see [[Ornicar]]? 36). Inasmuch as it can be separated from the [[clinic]] of signifiers, the clinic of the [[object]] is spotted in, by, and through, the topology of surfaces, just as Lacan shows in 'The Twit' and in some of his later [[seminars]].  
  
-
+
Later, J. A. Miller took up the clinical stake. He focused on interpretation. There is a trace of this concern in Revue de la cause Freudienne, No. 34. The classical interpretation that focused on [[meaning]] is no longer convincing; we are witnessing what S. Cottet would describe as 'the decline of interpretation'. This led J. A. Miller to devise a conception of interpretation aiming at the level of the Real where 'it is loving it' (ça jouit) rather than at the level where 'it speaks' (ça parle). If the analytical interpretation is that through which the Real is asserting itself, then interpretation is a matter of formalization — supposing that the mathematical formalization is the only one that can reach the Real. This is what Lacan explores (1996, p. 18). 
  
[[Lacan]] argues that the [[matheme]]s are "not transcendent signifiers; they are the indices of an absolute signification."<ref>{{E}} p. 314</ref>
+
The Borromean knot provides an illustration of what Lacan was striving to achieve with a 'mathematical clinic'. This knot consists of [[three]] 'loops of string': two of these loops are loose while the [[third]] is tied. Thus, when one loop becomes undone, all three become undone. This first enabled Lacan to illustrate the [[solidarity]] of the three [[registers]], that is, [[the Imaginary]], the Real, and [[the Symbolic]], in the knot which defines the [[human]] subject. But in the year of his seminar on [[Joyce]], which is when the question of the structure of the writer arises, Lacan devises a knot with three untied loops that would collapse unless a fourth loop ties [[them]] all together. Lacan identifies this fourth loop with the symptom - spelled [[sinthome]] in Joyce's case. Thus, Joyce's [[psychosis]] never manifested, because his writing acted as a [[substitute]] that held together the three registers, despite Joyce's obvious [[lack]] of the [[paternal function]]. One could therefore generalize the question of the real of the symptom as being equivalent to the [[Father]], as father version (or to [[invert]] elements in the pun, père-version), that holds the knot together. It might now be possible to differentiate between types and to [[outline]] a clinic.  
  
They are "created to allow a hundred and one different readings, a multiplicity that is admissible as long as the spoken remains caught in their algebra."<ref>{{E}} p. 313</ref>
+
<!--
 +
See also: Borromean knot, formulas, imaginary, real, symbolic, topology other [[terms]]: fantasy, interpretation, symptom, torus 
  
-
 
They are constructed to resist any attempt to reduce them to one univocal [[signification]], and to prevent the reader from an intuitive or [[imaginary]] [[knowledge|understanding]] of [[:category:concepts|psychoanalytic concepts]]: the [[mathemes]] are not to be understood but to be used.
 
  
In this way, they constitute a formal core of [[psychoanalytic theory]] which may be transmitted integrally.
+
References Lacan, J. (1973) 'L'Étourdit' (The Twit). Scilicet, 4. Lacan, J. (1975) [1972-73] De Séminaire XX Encore. Paris, Seuil. Lacan, J. (1976) De Sinthome, Séminaire XXIII (1975-76), [[ornicar?]] 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 [Provisional transcription]. Lacan, J. (1986) [1945-46] Esquisse. ornicar? 36. Miller, J. A. (1996) 'Retour de Granade: [[Savoir]] et satisfaction'. Revue de la cause Freudienne, 33: 7-15. Miller, J. A. (1996) 'De monologue de l'appard'. Revue de la cause Freudienne, 34: 7-18. Milner, J. C. (1995) D'oeuvre Claire. Paris: Seuil. Nathalie Charraud (trans. Dominique Hecq)
 
+
-->          
<blockquote>"One certainly doesn't know what they mean, but they are transmitted."<ref>{{S20}} p. 100</ref></blockquote>
 
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==
 
{{See}}
 
{{See}}
 
* [[Algebra]]
 
* [[Algebra]]
 +
* [[Borromean knot]]
 
* [[Drive]]
 
* [[Drive]]
 +
* [[Fantasy]]
 
||
 
||
* [[Fantasy]]
+
* [[Formula]]s
 
* [[Graph of desire]]
 
* [[Graph of desire]]
 +
* [[Imaginary]]
 +
* [[Interpretation]]
 
||
 
||
 
* [[Knowledge]]
 
* [[Knowledge]]
 
* [[Mathematics]]
 
* [[Mathematics]]
 +
* [[Real]]
 +
* [[Schema]]
 
||
 
||
 
* [[Signification]]
 
* [[Signification]]
 
* [[Structure]]
 
* [[Structure]]
||
 
 
* [[Subject]]
 
* [[Subject]]
 
* [[Symbol]]
 
* [[Symbol]]
 +
||
 +
* [[Symbolic]]
 +
* [[Symptom]]
 +
* [[Topology]]
 +
* [[Torus]]
 
{{Also}}
 
{{Also}}
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 +
* [[Lacan, Jacques]]. (1973) 'L'Etourdit' (The Twit). Scilicet, 4.
 +
* [[Lacan, Jacques]]. (1975) [1972-73] Le Seminaire xx Encore. Paris, Seuil.
 +
* [[Lacan, Jacques]]. (1976) Le Sinthome, Seminaire XXIII (1975-76), Ornicar? 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 [Provisional transcription].
 +
* [[Lacan, Jacques]]. (1986) [1945-46] Esquisse. Ornicar? 36.
 +
* [[Miller, Jacques-Alain]]. (1996) 'Retour de Granade: Savoir et satisfaction'. Revue de la cause Freudienne, 33: 7-15.
 +
* [[Miller, Jacques-Alain]]. (1996) 'Le monologue de l'appard'. Revue de la cause Freudienne, 34: 7-18.
 +
* [[Milner, Jean-Claude]]. (1995) L'Oeuvre Claire. Paris: Seuil.
 +
</div>
  
[[Category:Dictionary]]
 
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
 
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
 
[[Category:Concepts]]
 
[[Category:Terms]]
 
 
{{OK}}
 
{{OK}}
  
 
__NOTOC__
 
__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 19:17, 20 May 2019

French: mathème

The term mathème is a neologism which Lacan derives from the word "mathematics, presumably by analogy with the term mytheme (a term coined by Claude Lévi-Strauss to denote the basic constituents of mythological systems).[1] The mathemes are part of Lacanian algebra.


Schema L

Schema L

In 1955, Lacan introduced what could be called his first matheme, the relatively simple "schema L", illustrating the imaginary function of the ego.

Schema L identifies four points in the signifying chain:

  1. CapitalA.gif, the unconscious or the "discourse of the Other]", and then .
  2. Smalls.gif, the subject, which in turn results from the relation between
  3. Schema.L.smalla.gif, the ego and
  4. Schema.L.smalla'.gif, the other.

Signifier

The Saussurean algorithm

Perhaps the most familiar matheme is the "algorithm" which in 1957 replaces Saussure's simple diagram / arbor with the notion S/s. In 1957, Lacan replaces Saussure's diagram of the sign with what is now referred to as the "Saussurean algorithm".[2] The matheme links the laws of the unconscious discovered by Freud to the laws of language (metaphor and metonymy).

This is to be understood as demonstrating that the signifier is above the signified , showing the primacy of the signifier (which is capitalized, whereas the signified is reduced to mere lower-case italic), and that the two are separated by a bar that resists signification and forces the signifier to slide endlessly.[3]

Compendium

Lacan first introduced the notion of mathème (matheme) in 1973: in his seminar, of course, but more particularly in 'The Twit' ('L'Étourdit'), his last major piece of writing. That was the year of Seminar, Book XX, Encore, and p. 108 of the transcript reads: 'Formalization is our goal, our ideal. Why? Because formalization as such is a mathème: it can be fully transmitted.'

In 'The Twit', he says that he has mathematized his discourse so that it could be taught: 'the unteachable, I turned into a mathème' (Scilicet 4, 1973, p. 39).

But what exactly is a mathème? What does Lacan have in mind? Is he thinking of the formulas that punctuate his teachings, such as the formulas for metaphor and metonymy, for instance, or the formulas for sexuation? Or is he rather thinking of the topological constructions on the torus and the cross-cap that he had just introduced, not as metaphor, but as structure itself?

If one tracks down the word 'mathème' in 'The Twit', it first appears to be intertwined with the topological construction presented as contributing to the analytical discourse, to its fabric: 'No other fabric to endow it with but the language of a pure matheme, in other words, the only teachable discourse' (1973, p. 28). The definition, which identifies the mathème with the teachable, supersedes the mathematizable itself, since the Real can only be apprehended through mathematics, except the real of the impossible sexual relation, which, in point of fact, cannot be transcribed by any mathematical relation: 'This is why the mathèmes which are transcribed as dead-ends by the mathematizable, that is, the teachable in the Real, are likely to be coordinated to this "impossible" from the Real' (p. 35).

How is the mathème apprehended in the structure of our language? The first mathèmes, the arithmetical figures, are on the border of language, in its fringe: 'The mathème is a product of the only real which is first recognized in language: the arithmetical figure' (1973, p. 37). The arithmetical figure is on the border between common language and mathematical discourse. The first figures are signifiers, but these quickly become meaningless.

In L'Oeuvre Claire (1995), J. C. Milner attempts to define the mathème on the basis of the definitions of phoneme (the linguist's phonetic unit) and mytheme (part of a myth). Milner proposes that the mathème is an `atom of knowledge'. But, apart from mathematical objects, there is no such thing as an atom of knowledge in mathematics. This is in fact what J. A. Miller means when, talking about the mathème in the Revue de la Cause Freudienne No. 33, he says that the aim of the analytical experience is to `know one's own mathème' (1996). What is important then, is less to formalize the knowledge achieved during the cure, than to identify with one's own mathème.

Miller gives the witty example of the triangles and the spheres, but it is obvious that in this particular context the mathèmes are mathematical objects, such as the triangle or the sphere, but also the Borromean knot, the torus, the Möbius strip, and the geometrical projection. These objects are no longer at the edge of language, but rather at the point where the real, the imaginary, and the symbolic intersect. Rather than being atoms of knowledge, each one of these objects is a concentrate of knowledge: that which governs the subject's relation to the Real. This means that, as J. A. Miller makes clear in the abovementioned article, the knowledge which is formalized in the mathème (and intertwined with satisfaction), represents a stake for the ending of the cure:

This is what Lacan has reformulated when he suggested that the experience be carried on to the point when the subject accedes to his own mathème, and more particularly the mathème of the primary fantasy, since this fantasy conditions, indeed, determines, whatever keeps Mr So and So going all through his existence. (p. 11)

The stakes of the mathème are many. After the fundamental stake, which has to do with the aim of the cure, there is teaching, as my first allusions to the mathème and its definitions make clear; then there is a political stake and a clinical one.

If the only valuable teaching is the one that can be transcribed into a mathème, then the teacher's role is reduced to the ultimate: to transmit an elaboration without having anything to do with it. The consequence is the same with all writing: Scilicet, the journal where 'The Twit' ('L'Étourdit') was first published is — except for Lacan's texts — a collection of unsigned articles after Bourbaki's style of presentation, Bourbaki being one of the collective and anonymous mathematical writers of the time. As J. C. Milner points out in his book on Lacan, the master's figure disappears with the mathèmes: we are left with professors.

If one takes Lacan's topology and mathèmes seriously, the clinical scene changes too. That which makes the symbolic ensnare and bump into the impossible of the real becomes clearer in the light of what Lacan called the topology of signifiers, which taps in the general topology of kinship between signifiers, a topology which, according to Lacan, is budding, if not born, in Freud's 'Project' (Esquisse, see Ornicar? 36). Inasmuch as it can be separated from the clinic of signifiers, the clinic of the object is spotted in, by, and through, the topology of surfaces, just as Lacan shows in 'The Twit' and in some of his later seminars.

Later, J. A. Miller took up the clinical stake. He focused on interpretation. There is a trace of this concern in Revue de la cause Freudienne, No. 34. The classical interpretation that focused on meaning is no longer convincing; we are witnessing what S. Cottet would describe as 'the decline of interpretation'. This led J. A. Miller to devise a conception of interpretation aiming at the level of the Real where 'it is loving it' (ça jouit) rather than at the level where 'it speaks' (ça parle). If the analytical interpretation is that through which the Real is asserting itself, then interpretation is a matter of formalization — supposing that the mathematical formalization is the only one that can reach the Real. This is what Lacan explores (1996, p. 18).

The Borromean knot provides an illustration of what Lacan was striving to achieve with a 'mathematical clinic'. This knot consists of three 'loops of string': two of these loops are loose while the third is tied. Thus, when one loop becomes undone, all three become undone. This first enabled Lacan to illustrate the solidarity of the three registers, that is, the Imaginary, the Real, and the Symbolic, in the knot which defines the human subject. But in the year of his seminar on Joyce, which is when the question of the structure of the writer arises, Lacan devises a knot with three untied loops that would collapse unless a fourth loop ties them all together. Lacan identifies this fourth loop with the symptom - spelled sinthome in Joyce's case. Thus, Joyce's psychosis never manifested, because his writing acted as a substitute that held together the three registers, despite Joyce's obvious lack of the paternal function. One could therefore generalize the question of the real of the symptom as being equivalent to the Father, as father version (or to invert elements in the pun, père-version), that holds the knot together. It might now be possible to differentiate between types and to outline a clinic.


See Also

References